Matter Ice-Water Granite Brass Air Salt Water Milk Oil-Water.

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Matter Ice-Water Granite Brass Air Salt Water Milk Oil-Water

Solution Properties wt%Freezing Pt. [ o C]Density [g/mL]Viscosity [mPa sec]

Distillation Alcohol: bp = 78.5 o C Water: bp = 100 o C wine brandy

Moore’s Head

Laboratory Distillation

Distilled Spirits

Distilled SpiritFermentNotes Brandy Grapes, apple, pearDistilled Wine (Cognac is double distilled in a pot still) Whisky Barley, malted barley, rye, wheat, corn Distilled and Aged in a Wooden Cask Bourbon Mash greater than 51% maizeDistilled and Aged in New, Charred Oak Cask (Straight Bourbon is aged at least 2 years) Gin Grapes, sugar beets, sugarcaneNeutral Grain Spirit with Juniper Berries added and Redistilled Vodka Grain, potatoes, molasses Multiply Distilled

Distillation of Crude Oil Me dium Heavy Crude

Fraction# C’sBP Range Natural Gas1 - 4Below 20 Petroleum Ether5 – 630 – 60 Ligroin760 – 90 Straight-Run Gasoline – 200 Kerosene – 300 Fuel Oil – 400 Lubricating Oil Paraffin Wax Asphalt Above 400

Heavy Hydrocarbons into Light Light Hydrocarbons into Heavy

Gasoline

Chromatography Mikhail Tsvet

How Chromatography Works

Paper Chromatography Chromatogram of Several Inks

Thin Layer Chromatography TLC Chromatogram of an Ink

TLC Chromatogram of the Oils from Several Plants

Column Chromatography

Compounds vs. Elements

Lavoisier’s Demonstration of the Compound Nature of Water