Ohio Learning Standard #21 The Cold War overlaps into an era of decolonization and national liberation Postwar global politics leads to rise of nationalist movements in Africa

Throughout its history, Southern Africa has had a great variety of cultures

Multi-Ethnic Society *Wide variety of cultures, languages, & religions* Constitution recognizes 11 official languages 2 of these are of European: English & Afrikaans English is commonly used in public & business

Rainbow Nation * Unique multi-cultural character* 80% of South Africa is of black African ancestry divided among variety of ethnic groups (Bantu) Integral to its national identity (World Cup)

Conflicts arose as Europeans took an interest in the valuable ports & resources

When Gold, Diamonds, & Copper, were found in S Africa in 1800s, Europeans came in masses

Republic of South Africa * Located at southern tip of Africa*

Following Boer Wars British Parliament passed South Africa Act 1909 granting independence & creating South Africa Also passed Natives' Land Act restricting the ownership of land by blacks to only 7% of nation

Similar to Reservations * Deprived of citizenship * Assigned a “homeland” * Supposed autonomous - called Bantustans

National Party in control * Combination of British & Dutch interests* Strengthened racial segregation already in place Classified all peoples into race groupings and developed rights & limitations (where could live, work, travel, etc…) for each grouping White minority (10%) maintains control of the much larger black majority (85%)

To maintain control & get Africans to work in mines & on farms – whites had townships for Blacks to live = Apartheid

Apartheid - legally institutionalized Segregation Blatant racial policies that oppressed civil rights White (Afrikaners) enjoyed highest standard of living - compared to most Western nations … even in Britain or the USA Black majority remain disadvantaged including: income, education, housing, & life expectancy

Townships Apartheid = Afrikaans word meaning apartness Residential areas segregated on basis of race mil Black Africans were removed from homes & forced into segregation

Similar to Segregation in USA * Education, medical care, markets, restaurants, and all public services - divided by Race * Services for Blacks were - far inferior to whites

1960s Apartheid – like Segregation in USA became increasingly controversial - Some Western nations began to boycott doing business with South Africa However … South Africa’s government passes Suppression of Communism Act - banning any party linked to Communism

Resistance Movements African National Congress (ANC) formed to resist - leaders proposed that white authority could only be overthrown thru mass, public campaigns *Nelson Mandela & Bishop Desmond Tutu Program of Action = planned civil disobedience - series of popular protests, strikes, & uprisings - Sharpeville …

Banning Anyone who opposed government policy risked being labelled as Communist (threat to Society) Met with banning opposition & imprisoning of anti-apartheid leaders

Militarization Protests/Strikes spread & became more effective State organizations (Police & National Guard) respond with repression ( smack down ) & violence

Black Consciousness Anti-Apartheid activist movement emerging in South Africa after jailings/bannings of ANC and Pan Africanist Congress leadership (Sharpeville) Movement for political consciousness (awareness) - Rooted in Christianity (Anglican Church) - lead of Bishops Robert Taylor & Desmond Tutu

Leadership of Steven Biko Empowerment & Mobilization - Young people & Urban Non-violent Civil Disobedience - mass demonstrations - Soweto Student Slogan: “Black is Beautiful”

Fall of 1989 *same year as Fall of Berlin Wall* National Party (Apartheid) leader Botha suffers stroke & has to step down as President - Replaced by more conservative F.W. de Klerk Debate legalizing opposition political parties – including ANC and possibility of freeing prisoners including Mandela

Spring, 1994 ANC candidate Mandela wins over-whelming (62%) victory in national elections = new President despite SA Press campaigning against Enacts Reconstruction & Development Program - build million houses in five years - introduce universal free education - extend access to water & electricity

Mandela’s Presidency Works to establish a multicultural democracy - Constitution NOT favoring Majority Rule Reconciliation as primary job - “Rainbow Nation” - Truth & Reconciliation Commission Reassure South Africa's white population they’re protected (economy) & represented (government)

Rainbow Nation Broad coalitions in Gov – including former National Party officials as Cabinet Members Land Restitution & Skills Development Acts Encouraged black South Africans to join & support national rugby team (Springboks) South Africa hosted 1995 Rugby World Cup