Energy and Heat Transfer www.spirit-alembic.com Energy and Heat Transfer AOS 101 Discussion Sections 302 and 303

Energy Energy is the capacity to do work Kinds of energy Work is done on something when it is either pushed, pulled, or lifted over some distance Kinds of energy Kinetic energy KE = ½mv2 Potential energy PE = mgh Mechanical energy Chemical energy Thermal energy Radiant energy

Laws of Thermodynamics 1st Law of Thermodynamics Energy cannot be created or destroyed Energy lost during one process must equal the energy gained during another 2nd Law of Thermodynamics Heat can spontaneously flow from a hotter object to a cooler object, but not the other way around The amount of heat lost by the warm object is equivalent to the heat gained by the cooler object

Conservation of Energy Internal energy Work done Amount of heat added

Heat Heat is a form of energy and is the total internal energy of a substance Revisiting the 1st law States that heat is really energy in the process of being transferred from a high temperature object to a lower temperature object. Heat transfer changes the internal energy of both systems involved Heat can be transferred by: Conduction Convection Advection Radiation

Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Heat capacity of a substance is the ratio of heat absorbed (or released) by that substance to the corresponding temperature rise (or fall) Specific heat The heat capacity of a substance per unit mass Can be thought of a measure of the heat energy needed to heat 1 g of an object by 1ºC Different objects have different specific heat values

Specific Heat 1 g of water must absorb about 4 times as much heat as the same quantity of air to raise its temperature by 1º C This is why the water temperature of a lake or ocean stays fairly constant during the day, while the temperature air might change more Because of this, water has a strong effect on weather and climate Substance Specific Heat (J/gK) Water (liquid) 4.183 Ice 2.050 Wood 0.420 Sand 0.835 Air 1.012

Latent Heat Latent heat is the amount of energy released or absorbed by a substance during a phase change FOR WATER: 334 J/g released 2260 J/g released SOLID LIQUID GAS 334 J/g absorbed 2260 J/g absorbed SOLID LIQUID LIQUID GAS Lowest energy Highest energy

Orange Example Farmers spray their oranges with water when a frost event is about to occur Why? When the temperature drops below 32oF, liquid water freezes into ice. This liquid to solid phase change causes energy to be released to the fruit. Thus, the temperature of the orange remains warm enough to prevent ruin.

Swimming Pool Example Why do you feel cool when you get out of the pool? Drops of liquid water are still on your skin after getting out These drops evaporate into water vapor This liquid to gas phase change causes energy to be absorbed from your skin

Cumulus Cloud Example Formation of clouds Clouds form when water vapor condenses into tiny liquid water drops This gas to liquid phase change causes energy to be released to the atmosphere Release of latent heat during cloud formation drives many atmospheric processes

Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat from molecule to molecule within a substance Molecules must be in direct contact with each other

Thermal Conductivity (W/Km) Thermal conductivity is the measure of how well a substance can conduct heat Depends on its molecular structure If it is a bad conductor, it is a good insulator Substance Thermal Conductivity (W/Km) Air 0.024 Soil 0.2 Asphalt 0.75 Glass 1.05 Stainless Steel 16 Copper 401 Silver 429

Convection Convection is the transfer of heat by the mass movement of a fluid (such as water and air) in the vertical direction (up and down) physics.arizona.edu

Convection

Moist Convection As the temperature of an air parcel cools, it may reach a point where it reaches saturation (the air temperature and dew point are the close to the same) Air parcels condense and form a cloud

Advection Advection is the transfer of heat in the horizontal direction The wind transfers heat by advection Occurs frequently Why is advection important? Important for the formation of precipitation and fog arcticstudies.pbworks.com

Types of Advection Two types Warm air advection (WAA) Wind blows warm air toward a region of colder air Cold air advection (CAA) Wind blows cold air toward a region of warmer air www.aviationweather.ws

Radiation Radiation is the travel of energetic particles or waves traveling through space or another kind of medium to heat it up For Example: The suns rays traveling through space and reaching the Earth The warmth from a fire pit Radiation back into space from a warm Earth Black Body A perfect absorber and emitter of radiation

Radiation, Convection, and Conduction

Solar Radiation The sun’s rays do not hit all areas of the Earth the same Factors that determine the amount of solar radiation hitting the Earth Position on Earth (latitude, longitude, and elevation) Time of day (shown below in UTC) Composition of the atmosphere Amount and thickness of clouds, if any Position of Earth in orbit around the sun (i.e. time of year)

Solar Radiation

Solar Radiation Equinoxes Solstices Where day and night are of equal length Vernal Equinox – March 20 Autumnal Equinox – September 23 Solstices Summer Solstice – June 21 Longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere Where the sun is at it’s northernmost point from the equator Winter Solstice – December 21 Shortest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere Where the sun is at it’s southernmost point from the equator How radiation changes with latitude and date

Solar Radiation Budget

Energy Budget

Radiation All things with a temperature above absolute zero emit radiation Radiation allows heat to be transferred through wave energy These waves are called electromagnetic waves Wavelengths of the radiation emitted by an object depends on the temperature of that object i.e., the sun mainly emits radiative energy in the visible spectrum, and the earth emits radiative energy in the infrared spectrum Shorter wavelengths carry more energy than longer wavelengths

Radiation A photon of ultra-violet radiation carries more energy than a photon of infrared radiation The shortest wavelengths in the visible spectrum are purple, and the longest are red

Types of Radiation Energy can be: Absorbed Reflected Scattered Increasing the internal energy of the gas molecules Reflected Albedo is the percentage of the light reflected off an object Scattered Light deflected in all directions: forward, backward or sideways Also called diffused light Transmitted Reflected Absorbed Transmitted Scattered

Kirchoff’s Law Good absorbers of a particular wavelength are good emitters at that wavelength and vice versa Our atmosphere has many selective absorbers Carbon dioxide, water vapor, etc… These gases are good at absorbing IR radiation but not solar radiation These gases are called greenhouse gases Due to the fact they help to absorb and reemit IR radiation back toward the Earth’s surface thus keeping us warmer then we would otherwise be

More Examples Energy