Chapter 2 Our Sexual and Reproductive Anatomy For use with text, Human Sexuality Today, 5th edition. Bruce M. King Slides by Callista Lee King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Body language Slang terms for the genitalia are more often used by men than by women. What are some common themes in slang terms for women’s genitals? For men’s genitals? Why are slang terms for the genitals and for sexual behavior also used terms of general displeasure or aggression? King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

External female genitalia Vulva is the term used to refer to the external female genitalia, including the mons veneris, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vaginal opening and urethral opening. It is common for people to say “vagina” when referring to what is between a woman’s legs but the correct term is vulva. The anus is also between a woman’s legs but is not considered to be a part of the vulva. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall The Vulva The labia are parted to show the vaginal and urethral openings. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Feelings about one’s genitalia are related to enjoyment of sexual activity. Mons Veneris – why pubic hair? Labia Majora – protective outer lips that cover sensitive inner tissues Labia Minora – “Hottentot Aprons” Bartholin’s Glands – friends to sperm Urethral opening – rarely noticed, between clitoris and vagina Perineum – the pelvic “floor” King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

The clitoris – as many nerve endings as an entire penis! Clitoral hood – where the labia minora meet at the top to form a touch-sensitive covering for the clitoris Clitoris – a glans, a shaft and even “legs,” all containing erectile tissue Clitoral circumcision – female genital mutilation designed to keep women from experiencing “too much” sexual pleasure in some cultures King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall The vaginal opening Vestibular bulbs beside the vaginal opening swell with blood during sexual arousal to help the vagina grip the penis. Bulbocavernosus muscle surrounds the vagina keeping it loosely closed most of the time. The hymen is a thin membrane that only partially seals the vagina. It may break open on its own during childhood and so is not a “proof” of virginity. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall The breasts Sexy in most Western cultures Estrogen in boys may cause gynecomastia 15 – 20 mammary glands each with its own duct in the nipple, regardless of bra size The areola has a breastfeeding function Fatty tissue between the glands, determined primarily by heredity, affects breast size King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Breast augmentation Exercises and lotions do not work Cosmetic surgery is still surgery 25% of women who receive breast implants (silicone or saline) will develop painful fibrous capsules around the implants that make the breasts hard, tight and unnatural in appearance, requiring additional surgery. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Breast cancer and examination Self-exams monthly, after menstruation Mammograms – baseline at age 35, every 1-2 years in your 40’s and annually after age 50 96% survival rate with early detection Simple mastectomy is as effective as the radical mastectomy A positive attitude and reassurance help King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Breast self-examination King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Internal female anatomy Vagina – a sheath-like canal extending from the vulva to the cervix “Elastic” walls – does one size fit all? Highly vascularized Lubricates in response to sexual arousal A self-cleaning organ with a natural musky odor Douching interferes with the natural chemical environment and can lead to serious health problems King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall More about the vagina Pubococcygeus (PC) muscle surrounds the vagina – practice your Kegel exercises for sexual satisfaction and urinary control. The vaginal opening is very sensitive to touch but the inner 2/3 have very few nerve endings. The G-Spot exception – a highly sensitive area on the anterior wall about 1/3 of the way into the vagina noticed by about 10% of women. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Internal female organs, side view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Internal female organs, frontal view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

The Uterus – tiny but powerful Cervix – the narrow end of the uterus projecting into the back of the vagina Perimetrium – the outer layer Myometrium – strong muscled middle layer Endometrium – innermost layer that grows thicker between menstrual periods and sloughs off at menstruation King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Fallopian Tubes Fingerlike fimbria brush against the ovary to “find” the egg at ovulation Site of fertilization of the egg by the sperm Cilia within the tube move the egg toward the uterus Ectopic (tubal) pregnancies Tubal ligation sterilization King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall The Ovaries Female gonads produce ova (eggs) and hormones (estrogen and progesterone). At birth a girl’s ovaries already contain all of her 300,000 - 400,000 immature ova. Only about 400 will ever fully mature From primary follicle to Graafian follicle to ovulation King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Gynecological examination King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Gynecological cancers Cervical cancer and the Human Papillomavirus Pap smear – a simple test for cervical cancer 60,000 new cervical cancer cases each year 40,100 cases of cancer of the endometrium are diagnosed every year Ovarian cancer is rare but difficult to detect in its early stages Many ovarian cysts are benign King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall External male anatomy Penis – reproductive, urinary and sexual Average size flaccid – 3.75 inches x 1.2 inches Average size erect – 6 inches x 1.5 inches The foreskin protects the glans penis from abrasions and dryness The scrotum holds the testicles outside of the body cavity for optimal sperm development. King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

External male genitalia Circumcised (left) and natural (right) King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Male Circumcision History – ancient Egyptians and Greeks Religion – Jews and Muslims Culture – Puberty rites Victorian Era fears about masturbation The battle of smegma vs. soap and water Pediatricians oppose routine circumcisions in countries where good hygiene and adequate medical care exist King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Internal structures, side view King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

The man inside…details, details… Penis – glans, shaft and root Corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum Tumescence (erection) and detumescence Corona – most sensitive part of the penis Urethra – one opening and two functions Peyronie’s Disease Normal curvature King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Testicles and testimony Male gonads create sperm and male hormones Epididymis – where sperm wait for orgasm Vas Deferens – from testicle, up and over the bladder and through the prostate gland Vasectomy Ejaculatory ducts – taking the sperm out to the urethra Urethra – one passageway for two functions King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Internal male structures King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Semen is just 1% sperm Seminal vessicles – two little structures that contribute about 70% of seminal volume Prostate gland – about 30% of semen Cowpers (aka Bulbourethral) glands – two pea-sized structures that secrete an alkaline fluid to clean the urethra prior to orgasm One reason “withdrawal” isn’t reliable King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Cancers of the Testes and Prostate Prostatitis vs. Prostate Cancer Prostate Cancer – 1:7 men by age 85 Rectal exams and PSA blood tests Prevention – reduce fat and increase exercise Testicular cancer is most likely between ages 20 – 40 Self-examination can detect testicular cancer in its early stages King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Testicular self-exam King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

Sexiest organ: The brain Cerebral cortex – thinking and reasoning Limbic system – emotions and sexual desire Hypothalamus – Sexual desire, sexual orientation, gender identity – directs the Pituitary Gland Pituitary Gland – hormones that drive the reproductive system King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall The human brain King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall

King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall Our Sexual Bodies The five senses Primary erogenous zones – because we’re human Secondary erogenous zones – learned through experience or socialization Self-concept and body image Cultural norms – kissing, breasts, body fat King, Human Sexuality Today, 5/e (c) 2005 by Prentice Hall