TUTORIAL INSTRUCTIONS: Carefully go through the tutorial, step by step. You may return to any section, as necessary. Once you are satisfied that you understand the concepts and procedures, click CLOSE to get out of the tutorial mode. You will then be taken to the post-quiz. PLEASE LISTEN CAREFULLY CLICK TO CONTINUE

Element (hydrogen): H 2 Compound (carbon monoxide): CO CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (ELEMENTS versus COMPOUNDS)

Na · + Cl → Na + + · Cl - LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (IONIC versus COVALENT BONDS) H· + · Cl → H : Cl CLICK TO CONTINUE

LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (IONIC versus COVALENT BONDS) CLICK TO CONTINUE Na + Cl - ionic H : Cl covalent

Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Na + Na + Cl - Na + Cl - Cl - Na + Cl - LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (IONIC versus MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS) H Cl H H H H H Cl

H H Cl Cl Cl H Cl Cl H H H Cl Cl H Cl H Cl H H H Cl Cl CLICK TO CONTINUE (IONIC versus MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS)

CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (SINGLE COVALENT BOND) H Cl

CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (DOUBLE COVALENT BOND) O = O

CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (TRIPLE COVALENT BOND) C Ξ N -

LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (LEWIS THEORY OF BONDING) CLICK TO CONTINUE IA IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA VIIIA

LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (LEWIS THEORY OF BONDING) nonmetal Exception: H·H·

.... Na· + ·Cl : → [Na] + + [ : Cl : ] sodiumchlorine sodium chlorine atom atom cation anion Group IA Group VIIA (LEWIS THEORY OF BONDING)

· · · · H· + · Cl : → H : Cl : · ·· · Group IA Group VIIA CLICK TO CONTINUE (LEWIS THEORY OF BONDING)

CLICK TO CONTINUE H : H nonpolar.... : Cl : Cl :.... nonpolar. H : Cl :.. δ+ δ- polar LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (NONPOLAR versus POLAR BONDS)

O : : O : O nonpolar CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (NONPOLAR versus POLAR MOLECULES)

CLICK TO CONTINUE F.. B : : F nonpolar S F F F F F F : : LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (NONPOLAR versus POLAR MOLECULES)

CLICK TO CONTINUE δ- O : : H H δ+ polar LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (NONPOLAR versus POLAR MOLECULES) I : : : polar Cl δ+ δ-

H : Be : H CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (OCTET RULE DISOBEYED) H.. B : : H

LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (OCTET RULE DISOBEYED) CLICK TO CONTINUE

I I : I I. P I :.... (OCTET RULE DISOBEYED) Xe Cl

s orbitals, p orbitals CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (VALENCE BOND THEORY OF BONDING)

1 s orbital + 1 p orbital → 2 sp hybrid orbitals H Be H CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (HYBRID ORBITALS)

1 s orbital + 2 p orbitals → 3 sp 2 hybrid orbitals F B F F CLICK TO CONTINUE (HYBRID ORBITALS)

H C H H H 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals → 4 sp 3 hybrid orbitals CLICK TO CONTINUE (HYBRID ORBITALS)

1d orbital + 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals → 5 dsp 3 hybrid orbitals CLICK TO CONTINUE (HYBRID ORBITALS) (P – Group 5) I I P I

2 d orbitals + 1 s orbital + 3 p orbitals → 6 d 2 sp 3 hybrid orbitals CLICK TO CONTINUE (HYBRID ORBITALS) (S – Group 6) S F F F F F F

region of high electron density  single bond or double bond or triple bond or pair of nonbonding electrons CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (MOLECULAR GEOMETRY)

CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) electronic geometry – linear molecular geometry – linear BeHH :: (Be – Group IIA)

CLICK TO CONTINUE (B – Group IIIA) electronic geometry – trigonal planar molecular geometry – trigonal planar B F F F :.... (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY)

CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) (C – Group IVA) electronic geometry – tetrahedral molecular geometry – tetrahedral H C H H H :......

CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) (P – Group VA) electronic geometry – trigonal bipyramid molecular geometry – trigonal bipyramid IP I I I I : :......

CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) (S – Group VIA) F electronic geometry – octahedral molecular geometry – octahedral F S F F F F : :

CLICK TO CONTINUE LISTEN THOUGHTFULLY GO AT YOUR OWN PACE MAKE NOTES AS NECESSARY (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – sp 2 electronic geometry – trigonal planar molecular geometry – angular or bent.. O OO

H H H N CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – sp 3 electronic geometry – tetrahedral molecular geometry – trigonal pyramid

:O::O: H H CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – sp 3 electronic geometry – tetrahedral molecular geometry – angular or bent

:O: H.. - CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – sp 3 electronic geometry – tetrahedral molecular geometry – linear

: S F F F F (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – dsp 3 electronic geometry – trigonal bipyramid molecular geometry – see-saw CLICK TO CONTINUE

::ICl CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) (I – Group VIIA) hybridization – dsp 3 electronic geometry – trigonal bipyramid molecular geometry – T-shaped

::Xe: H H CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – dsp 3 electronic geometry – trigonal bipyramid molecular geometry – linear (Xe – Group VIIIA)

.. Br F F F F F CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – d 2 sp 3 electronic geometry – octahedral molecular geometry – square pyramid

:Xe: Cl CLICK TO CONTINUE (ELECTRONIC and MOLECULAR GEOMETRY) hybridization – d 2 sp 3 electronic geometry – octahedral molecular geometry – square planar

CLICK TO CONTINUE BF 3 nonpolar O 3 nonpolar trigonal planar angular trigonal planar sp 2 3 BeH 2 nonpolar linear20 sp2 Example and polarity Molecular geometry No. of bonds No. of lone pairs Electronic geometry Hybrid- ization No. of electron pairs VALENCE BOND THEORY SUMMARIZATION TABLE

CLICK TO CONTINUE CH 4 nonpolar NH 3 polar H 2 O polar tetrahedral trigonal pyramid angular or bent tetrahedralsp 3 4 Example and polarity Molecular geometry No. of bonds No. of lone pairs Electronic geometry Hybrid- ization No. of electron pairs VALENCE BOND THEORY SUMMARIZATION TABLE (cont’d)

CLICK TO CONTINUE Example and polarity Molecular geometry No. of bonds No. of lone pairs Electronic geometry Hybridi- zation No. of electron pairs PCl 5 nonpolar SF 4 polar ICl 3 polar XeF 2 nonpolar trigonal bipyramid see-saw T-shaped linear trigonal bipyramid dsp 3 5 VALENCE BOND THEORY SUMMARIZATION TABLE (cont’d)

END OF TUTORIAL CLICK TO CONTINUE Example and polarity Molecular geometry No. of bonds No. of lone pairs Electronic geometry Hybridi- zation No. of electron pairs SF 6 polar BrF 3 nonpolar XeF 4 polar octahedral square pyramid square planar octahedrald 2 sp 3 6 VALENCE BOND THEORY SUMMARIZATION TABLE (cont’d)

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