TRAINING REPORT GSM TECHNOLOGY IN TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT TATA TELESERVICES LTD, NOIDA. SUBMITTED BY MILAN KUMAR GUPTA VTH SEMESTER (3RD YEAR) B.Tech. (ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION)

COMPANY PROFILE Tata Group is an Indian multinational conglomerate company headquartered in the Bombay House in Mumbai, India. In terms of market capitalization and revenues, Tata Group is the largest private corporate group in India. It has interests in communications and information technology, engineering, materials, services, energy, consumer products and chemicals. The Tata Group has operations in more than 80 countries across six continents and its companies export products and services to 80 nations. The Tata Group comprises 114 companies and subsidiaries in eight business sectors, 27 of which are publicly listed. 65.8% of the ownership of Tata Group is held in charitable trusts. Companies which form a major part of the group include Tata Steel (including Tata Steel Europe), Tata Motors (including Jaguar and Land Rover), Tata Consultancy Services, Tata Technologies, Tata Tea(including Tetley), Tata Chemicals, Industries, Tata, Tata Communications, Tata Sons, Tata Teleservices and the Taj Hotels.multinationalconglomerateBombay HouseMumbaiIndiaTata SteelTata Steel EuropeTata MotorsJaguarLand RoverTata Consultancy ServicesTata TechnologiesTata TeaTetleyTata ChemicalsTata CommunicationsTata SonsTata TeleservicesTaj Hotels

TATA LEADERSHIP IN DIVERSE INDUSTRIES The world's largest integrated tea operation-Tata Tea

Asia ’ s largest software exporter-TCS The world ’ sixth largest manufacturer of watches – Titan

India ’ s largest private sector steel producer-Tata Steel Largest 5-star chain of luxury hotels in India-Indian Hotels

India ’ s largest manufacturer of soda ash-Tata Chemical TATA Motors is leading company of the world

INTRODUCTION TO CELLULAR GROWTH FATHER OF TELEPHONE : Alexander Graham Bell IN 1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented his telephone, a device for carrying actual voice over wires the term cellular usually refers to wireless service that uses the 850 MHz block of frequencies. The term mobile refers to any wireless telephone. The terms mobile user and cellular user are synonymous.

Various Mobile Technologies CDMA(Code Division Multiple Access) In the CDMA scheme, the digital information from each user is allowed to access the system simultaneously (as each user requests) using the same frequency spectrum. Frequency division is still used, but a large bandwidth is used for each carrier. A user “channel” in CDMA is defined by a specific code and an associated carrier frequency. The user code is correlated against the receive signal to recover only the information specific to that user. The capacity of a CDMA system is governed by the amount of interference in the environment that the receiver can tolerate before it is unable to recover the desired user information. 3G Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks for enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of the two main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA.

GSM Vs CDMA What is the difference between GSM and CDMA? The comparison of GSM vs CDMA is very useful and interesting from buyer's as well as student's perspective. The following article on GSM vs CDMA will help you to understand the differences between these two technologies. Call Quality : This is an area where CDMA scores substantially over GSM. Statistics are hugely in favor of CDMA. Various factors such as echoes, call dropping, or voice distortion are almost non-existent in CDMA, whereas in GSM, there is a high probability of errors. To give you an analogy, the bus on the street will continue to ply even when it's full, but if the honeycomb has reached full capacity, the honey cannot be deposited. GSM vs CDMA Call Qality Score: CDMA scores. Goal count 0-1. Carriers: GSM is one up on CDMA as far as carriers are concerned. The law requires CDMA carriers to provide handsets to users, for which the users cannot change their carriers. Whereas, GSM users can change their carriers whenever they want. GSM vs CDMA Carriers Score: GSM scores. Goal count 1-1.

Network : It's an on-going battle between the two. Both the technologies are continuously improving the qualities of their network and adding various aspects to it as well. GSM vs CDMA Network Score: Both score. Goal count 2-2. Worldwide: There is a special number that every GSM compatible device in the world can call in case of an emergency. That number is 112. But in CDMA, this cannot be implemented because of certain technological limitations. GSM vs CDMA Worldwide Score: GSM scores. Goal count 3-2 Battery Life: GSM, being a relatively simpler technology, uses less amount of cell phone battery than CDMA. GSM vs CDMA Battery Life Score: GSM scores. Goal count 4-2cell phone battery Coverage : GSM and CDMA, both have similar network coverage areas. They are present almost everywhere. The service providers of both technologies are striving hard to cover whatever inches that are left. GSM vs CDMA Coverage Score: Both score. Goal count 5-3

Speed : Both GSM and CDMA are rapidly improving their capabilities in this regard. Both have introduced 3G mobile phones in their fold. Both are competing to gain space in this area. GSM vs CDMA Speed Score: Both score. Goal count 6-4 Building Penetration : Again, in initial days, both technologies couldn't find building penetration, but after research in signaling systems, and through experience, service providers of both technologies have been able to give decent service to the mobile phones in buildings. GSM vs CDMA Penetration Score: Both score. Goal count 7-53G mobile phones GSM vs CDMA: Which is Better? Both have their good qualities and bad qualities. GSM has some limitations where call quality is concerned, but GSM can be easily implemented and easily integrated into existing technology. Whereas, CDMA is little difficult to implement. By my estimation, GSM has an upper hand. So, the answer to the question, "GSM vs CDMA which is better?" is GSM. More on:

GSM ( Global System for Mobile Communication)

WHAT IS GSM GSM is a 2G technology that was developed to solve the fragmentation problems. GSM is the world’s first cellular system to specify digital modulation. It is a most popular 2G technology. OBJECTIVE To allow roaming within European countries. To allow interaction with ISDN( Integrated Service Data Network).

FEATURES SIM (Subscriber Identity Module) : SIM is a memory device that stores information such as Subscribers identification number, Privacy keys & User specific information. SIM has 4 digits PIN which subscriber must key in to activate service from any GSM phone. Called number is not associated with MS but is linked to the SIM. Control of transmission power. Frequency hopping. Discontinuous transmission. Mobile Assisted Hand over (MAHO). Support of Short Message Service (SMS).

GSM ARCHITECTURE

BTS BSC MSC OMC AUCVLRHLR Data Network ISDN PSTN ME SIM MS Base Station Subsystem Network Switching Subsystem Public Networks Operation Support Subsystem

GSM Architecture consists of four major parts. 1. Mobile Station (MS). 2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS). 3. Network & Switching Subsystem. 4. Operation Support Subsystem. 1. Mobile Station (MS): The MS consists of Mobile Equipment (ME) & SIM. At the time of manufacture, an International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is programmed into ME. A SIM is required to activate GSM ME. The International Mobile Subscriber Identity (IMSI) is programmed into SIM along with security parameters & algorithms. The called number is not linked to ME but to SIM. GSM ARCHITECTURE

2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS): The BSS consists of A. Base Station Controller (BSC). B. Base Transceiver Station (BTS). FUNCTIONS: A. Channel Management. Configuration of channel with respect to use as speech, data or signaling channel. Selection, allocation & release of channel. Monitoring of channel. Encryption. B. Frequency Hopping & power control. Assignment of frequency hops sequence & start time. Assignment of Effective Radiated Power values to mobile stations. C. Handoff Management. Collect signal quality data from adjacent BSSs. Analyze signal quality data & determine when to handoff. Keep MSC informed regarding handoff activity GSM ARCHITECTURE

3. Network & Switching Subsystem. The NSS consists of A. Mobile Switching Center (MSC). B. HLR database. C. VLR database. D. AuC database. A. Mobile Switching Center (MSC). It handles the switching of GSM calls between external networks (PSTN, ISDN) & BSCs. MSC Functions. Call setup, supervision and release. Call routing. Billing information collection. Mobility management. Paging & alerting. Management of radio resources during call. Manage connections to BSS, other MSCs & PSTN/ISDN. Interrogation of appropriate registers. GSM ARCHITECTURE

B. Home Location Register (HLR). The HLR is centralized database that holds permanent data of mobile subscriber. Generally one HLR per operator. The HLR is kept updated with the current locations of subscribers, including those who may have roamed to another network operator within or outside country. HLR maintains following database. 1. IMSI. 2. Service subscription information. 3. Service restrictions. 4. Supplementary services subscribed. 5. Mobile terminal characteristics. 6. Billing/Accounting information GSM ARCHITECTURE

C. Visitor Location Register (VLR). The VLR is a database which temporarily stores the IMSI & customer information for each roaming subscriber who is visiting the coverage area of a particular MSC. Generally one VLR per MSC. VLR maintains following database. 1. Features currently activated. 2. Temporary Mobile Station Identity. 3. Current location info about MS. Once roaming subscriber logged in the VLR, the MSC sends necessary information to the visiting subscribers HLR so that calls to the roaming mobile can be routed over the PSTN by the roaming users HLR. Even if the subscriber is in the area covered by its home MSC, it is entered in that particular VLR. GSM ARCHITECTURE

D.Authentication Centre (AuC). As the radio interface and mobile stations are very vulnerable to malicious misuse, a separate Authentication Centre (AuC) has been defined to protect user identity and data transmission. The authentication centre is strongly protected database which is generally associated with HLR. It contains algorithm for authentication as well as keys for encryption and generates the values needed for user authentication in the HLR. E. Equipment Identity Register (EIR). The authentication centre contains a register called the EIR. The EIR maintains information to authenticate terminal equipment so that fraud, stolen terminals can be identified and denied services. The information is in the form of White (valid terminal), Gray (Malfunctioning terminals) & Black (Stolen terminals). GSM ARCHITECTURE

4. Operation Support Subsystem (OSS). The OSS supports one or several Operations Maintains Centers (OMCs) which are used to monitor & maintain the performance of each MS, BSC, & MSC within a GSM system. The OMC also has provision for adjusting all base station parameters & billing procedures, as well as for providing system operators with the ability to determine the performance & integrity of each piece of equipment in the system. GSM ARCHITECTURE

GSM INTERFACES

BTS BSC MSC PSTN ME SIM MS GSM Radio Air Interface A bis Interface A InterfaceSS7

1. Air Interface: The Air Interface is the common radio interface between the MS& BTS enabling communication between MS & BTS. 2. A-bis Interface: The A-bis interface connects a BTS to BSC. It carries traffic & maintenance data. It is standardized by GSM for all manufacturers. However the A-bis for all GSM manufacturers have small differences, thereby forcing service providers to use the same manufacturer for the BTS & BSC equipment. 3. A Interface: The A Interface connects BSC & MSC. A Interface is standardized by GSM & uses SS7 protocol. A Interface allows service provider to use BTS & MSC from different manufacturer. GSM INTERFACES