ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE An extensive course on ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE AWARENESS AND CONTROL

Examples : Lightning Zapping

An atom is made up of charges In its stable state, the size of the positive charge at the centre (nucleus) of an atom is balanced by the size of all the negative charges of the electrons, making it neutral overall. The electrons whirl around the centre like planets.

Creating a charge imbalance Electron “lost” When an atom loses an electron, it has a charge imbalance. Since this atom has lost an electron, which is a negative charge, the atom is now a positive charge. When it gains an extra electron, an atom becomes a negative charge.

A discharge This movement of charges is called a discharge. When something which has a charge imbalance is brought close to or touches something else, a stream of charges might move, to try to bring the atoms back to their stable balanced condition. This powerful, rapid movement of charges can damage electronic components. This movement of charges is called a discharge. Let’s see it again!

WHAT IS ESD? ESD EVENT OR INDUCED ELECTRO STATIC FIELD. ELECTRO STATIC DISCHARGE IS DEFINED AS THE TRANSFER OF ELECTRO STATIC CHARGES BETWEEN BODIES AT DIFFERENT POTENTIAL CAUSED BY DIRECT CONTACT OR INDUCED ELECTRO STATIC FIELD. ESD EVENT IT IS AN UNPLANNED OCCURANCE OF ELECTRO- STATIC DISCHARGE

What is ESD—Electrostatic Discharges (ESD) are the most severe form of Electromagnet Interference (EMI). The human body can build up static charges that range up to 25,000 volts. These build-ups can discharge very rapidly into a electrically grounded body, or device. Placing a 25,000-volt surge through any electronic device is potentially damaging to it.

The most common causes of ESD are: Moving people Improper grounding Unshielded cables Poor connections Moving machines Low humidity (hot and dry conditions)

Figure 13-14: Power Transmission System

Figure 13-15: Grounds on IC Chips

To avoid damaging static-sensitive devices, the following procedures will help to minimize the chances of destructive static discharges: Some devices used to remove solder from circuit boards and chips can cause high static discharges that may damage the good devices on the board. The device in question is referred to as a solder-sucker, and is available in antistatic versions for use with MOS devices.

Triboelectric generation Basic Principles (2)

When materials are in contact When two materials are in intimate contact, they share electrons which are at their surfaces.

The triboelectric charge of two materials in contact.

When materials are in contact When two materials are in intimate contact, they share electrons which are at their surfaces. It is possible for electrons to be “stolen” from one material by nuclei in the other material, because they have a stronger force

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” When these materials are separated, electrons are removed from one material and are transferred to the other material.

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” This action takes place with all types of materials. With insulators, the charges remain at the points of contact. A charge spreads all over an ungrounded conductor. When these materials are separated, electrons are removed from one material and are transferred to the other material.

The triboelectric charge when two materials placed in contact are then separated.

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” This action takes place with all types of materials. With insulators, the charges remain at the points of contact. A charge spreads all over an ungrounded conductor. The loss and gain of these electrons creates an imbalance of negative and positive charges on the surface of each material.

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” When the surfaces are rough, this intimacy and separation is assisted by rubbing the materials together.

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” The size of the charge (imbalance) depends on the intimacy of the contact, how fast they were separated, the humidity and the kinds of materials

When the materials are separated Electrons “lost” Electrons “gained” The drier the air (lower relative humidity, RH) the higher the generated charge

The creation of a charge when materials are separated is termed “triboelectric charging”

Charging by Induction Basic Principles

The charge imbalance on a surface produces an electric field. Charging by induction The charge imbalance on a surface produces an electric field. The presence of this very strong force causes similar charges on the surfaces of nearby conductors to be repelled.

Charging by induction If the conductor is grounded while it is still influenced by the electric field, these repelled charges go to earth, thus maintaining a charge balance in the areas of the conductor that are not affected by the electric field.

Charging by induction

Walking on carpet Thoughts and theories

Walking across carpet Walking across a carpet creates a charge imbalance on the lower surface of shoes.

A strong electric field This charge imbalance creates a strong electric field that emanates in all directions. The material in the sole of shoe enables a strong field to influence charges within foot.

An induced charge Since the body is relatively conductive, the charges that are repelled from the lower regions of my foot set up a charge throughout the rest of my body. But the body still has a balanced charge overall (it has not lost or gained any charges).

Contacting a source of charges While you are still on the carpet (still influenced by the electric field on the sole of your shoe),you briefly touch a metallic object (a chair, table, door knob, metal stapler, etc.) This enables charges to be provided by the metallic object.

Charging through the air If the charge imbalance on my body is large enough, I do not need to touch the object, as the imbalance could allow a movement of charges through the air. This movement of charges is thus producing an overall charge imbalance in my body, since I was previously neutral overall.

An overall charge imbalance Therefore, after that brief encounter with the metallic object, my body now has an overall charge imbalance.

Removing that charge The only way to remove the possibility of damaging an ESD-sensitive device or assembly is to remove the overall charge imbalance on my body. This is done by connecting my body to the ready source of charges that is at the same reference potential as the item I wish to handle - using a wrist strap or foot strap.

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE PROCESS 1. Charge is generated on the surface of an insulator. 2. This charge is transfered to a conductor by contact or induction. 3. The charged conductor comes near a metal object (grounded or ungrounded) and a discharge occurs. 4. When a discharge occurs to an ungrounded object, the discharge current flows through the capacitance between the object and ground.

STATIC GENERATION CAUSE FOR STATIC CHARGE THE STATIC CHARGE IS GENERATED BY IMBALANCE IN THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE BY RUBBING; CAUSING STRIPPING OF NEGATIVELYCHARGED ELECTRONS WITH ONE MATERIAL GETTING PASITIVE CHARGE AND OTHER NEGATIVE CAUSE FOR STATIC CHARGE FRICTION SEPERATION INDUCTION

CAUSES FOR ESD GENERATION WALKING ON SYNTHETIC SURFACE RELATIVE MOVEMENT ON CHAIR TABLE, COMPUTER, PLASTIC PARTS NYLON OR SYNTHETIC CLOTHES CLEANING WITH COMPRESSED AIR CLEANING WITH SOLVENT

FACTORS: TYPE OF MATERIAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY TYPE OF CLOTHING SPEED AND MANNER OF WALKING BODY RESISTANCE

RECORDED ESD ACCIDENTS In 1937, The German flying boat Hinderburg arriving in Lakehurst, New Jersey, caught fire while anchoring at its landing mast. In 1970’s, in USA, a space craft launching rocket exploded during the fueling operation, killing 3 engineers. In January, 1985, during the assembly of a missile in Germany, the motor case made of Kelvar, got rubbbed against the cushioning in its container. The ESD generated caused the highly flammable propellant to catch fire and the motor exploded, killing 3 people. 3 to 30% of Integrated Circuits manufactured every year die in “infancy” due to ESD.

Device sensitivity to Electrostatic Discharge At higher magnification the pit in the area between the base and emitter becomes more obvious

At this magnification see the 1/2 of Device sensitivity to Electrostatic Discharge At this magnification see the 1/2 of the width of the material has been destroyed.

40 – 50% EQUIPMENTS HAVE FAILED IN THE FIELD Statistics 40 – 50% EQUIPMENTS HAVE FAILED IN THE FIELD DUE TO ESD

SENSITIVE CONSTITUENTS FAILURE MODES MOS STRUCTURES SHORT BIPOLAR JUNCTIONS LEAKAGE FILM RESISTORS VALUE SHIFT METALIZATION STRIPES OPEN FIELD PERFECT STRUCTURES OPERATIONAL PIEZOELECTRIC CRYSTALS DEGRADED CLOSELY SPACED CONDUCTORS DEGRADED

ESD SOURCES MAN MADE: PLASTICS CONDUCTORS FURNITURES VINYL FLOOR COOLING FANS WITH PLASTIC BLADES PRINTERS/COPIERS PAPER NYLON & WOOLLEN GARMENTS COMPRESSED AIR GUN

NATURAL: HUMAN BODY MOVEMENT OF CLOUDS

TYPICAL CHARGE GENERATORS PACKING HANDLING MATERIALS: COMMON POLYTHENE BAGS, WRAPS,ENVELOPES COMMON BUBBLE PACK FOAM COMMON PLASTIC TRAYS, PLASTIC TOTE BOXES, VIALS ASSEMBLY, CLEANING, TEST & REPAIR AREA ITEMS: SPRAY CLEANERS COMMON SOLDER SUCKERS COMMON SOLDER IRONS SOLVENT BRUSHING ( SYNTHETIC BRISTLES) CLEANING, DRYING TEPARATURE CHAMBERS

ESD VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT ELECTROSTATIC VOLTAGE MEANS OF STATIC GENERATION 10% RW 40% RW 55% RW PERSON WALKING ACROSS CARPET 35000 15000 7500 PERSON WALKING ACROSS VINYL FLOOR 12000 5000 3000 6000 800 400 WORKER AT A BENCH CERAMIC DIPS IN PLASTIC TUBE 2000 700 400 CERAMIC DIPS IN VINYL SET UP TRAYS 11500 4000 2000 CIRCUIT AS BUBBLE PLASTIC COVER REMOVED 25000 20000 7000 CIRCUIT AS PACKED IN FOAM LINED SHIPPING BOX 21000 11000 5500

ESD DAMAGE : WHEN UNNOTICED? REASONS FOR DISBELIEF ESD DAMAGE : WHEN UNNOTICED? HUMAN SENSE OF FEELING OF STATIC AT 4000V MUCH MORE HIGHER THAN SENSITIVITY OF COMPONENTS HARDLY ANY PHYSICAL DAMAGE ESD FAILURES CONSIDERED AS GENERAL COMPONENT FAILURE FAILURE MAY NOT BE INSTANT. (LATENT FAILURE)

GUIDE TO STATIC CONTROL MATERIALS SURFACE RESISTIVITY-OHMS PER SQUARE INSULATOR MATERIALS IN THIS RANGE ARE NOT EFFECTIVE FOR STATIC CONTROL 1012 To 10 15

GUIDE TO STATIC CONTROL MATERIALS SURFACE RESISTIVITY-OHMS PER SQUARE ANTISTATIC THESE MATERIALS DO NOT GENERATE AND SUPPORT HIGH STATIC CHARGES. BUT DISCHARGE RATES ARE TOO SLOW FOR MOST INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS. 1010 To 10 12

GUIDE TO STATIC CONTROL MATERIALS SURFACE RESISTIVITY-OHMS PER SQUARE STATIC DISSIPATORS ( PARTIALLY CONDUCTIVE) 106 To 10 9 MATERIALS MOST SUITABLE FOR STATIC CONTROL WORK SURFACES, FLOORING AND FLOOR MATS, SEALING, OVERALLS

GUIDE TO STATIC CONTROL MATERIALS SURFACE RESISTIVITY-OHMS PER SQUARE CONDUCTIVE MATERIALS FOR CONTAINERS AND HANDLING EQUIPMENT.BELOW 104 OHMS PER SQUARE EFFECTIVE STATIC SHIELDING IS POSSIBLE,OPERATOR SAFELY WILL BE COMPROMISED IF THE EARTH PATH THROUGH BENCH MATS, FLOOR MATS AND FLOORING LESS THAN 5 X 104 OHMS AND MAINS POWERED EQUIPMENT’S IN USE. 101 To 10 4

OBJECTIVES OF ESD CONTROL PREVENTING STATIC CHARGE GENERATION DISSIPATING THE DEVELOPED CHARGE NEUTRALISING DEVELOPED CHARGE FOR A CHARGE FREE ZONE CONTROLLING OF ESD WORK SURFACE AIR HUMAN BODY FLOOR

KEEP PARTS IN ORIGINAL PACKING UNTILL READY FOR USE. DO’S MINIMISE HANDLING. KEEP PARTS IN ORIGINAL PACKING UNTILL READY FOR USE. USE ESD PROTECTIVE CONTAINERS AND BAGS. DISCHARGE STATIC BEFORE HANDLING DEVICE BY TOUCHING NEARBY GROUNDED SURFACE. HANDLE DEVICES BY THE BODY. TOUCH THE ESD PROTECTIVE PACKAGE BEFORE TOUCHING INSIDE OF DEVICE. KEEP A DUST FREE WORK AREA.

DONT’S TOUCH THE LEADS OF DEVICE. SLIDE ES DEVICES OVER ANY SURFACE. PUT MASKING TAPE ON PROGRAMMABLE IC’S. STORE OR CARRY SENSITIVE COMPONENTS OR ASSEMBLIES IN PLASTIC BAGS. STORE SENSITIVE COMPONENTS IN THERMOCOLE/PLASTIC FOAM. HANDLE ES DEVICES IN “NON ESD CONTROLLED” ENVIRONMENT.

ESD MODELS HUMAN BODY MODEL CHARGED DEVICE MODEL MACHINE MODEL ESD MODELS HAVE BEEN DEFINED TO DESCRIBE THE EFFECTS ON ESD SENSITIVE DEVICES: HUMAN BODY MODEL CHARGED DEVICE MODEL MACHINE MODEL

Human Body Model (HBM) ^ The basic human body model consists of body capacitance and resistance. The charge is stored in the body capacitance and the discharge occurs through the body resistance. When a charged person handles or comes in close proximity to an ESD sensitive part, the part may be damaged by direct discharge or by an electro static field. ^ <0.1mH Rb Cb : 50 to 350pF Rb : 150 to 10KOhms Vb : 3 to 20 KV Vb Cb

Human Body Model (HBM)

HUMAN BODY CAPACITANCE AND RESISTANCE Rb ^ o o ^ 50-100pF 50pF 100pF 100pF

^ ^ TYPICAL ESD CURRENT WAVE FORM I . . . . . . . . 40A . tr=1nSec tf=100nSec t

Machine Model A discharge similar to the HBM event also can occur from a charged conductive object, such as a metallic tool or fixture. .

Charged Device Model The transfer of charge from an ESDS device is also an ESD event. A device may become charged, for example, from sliding down the feeder in an automated assembler. If it then contacts the insertion head or another conductive surface, a rapid discharge may occur from the device to the metal object. This event is known as the Charged Device Model (CDM).

ANTISTATIC VINYL TABLE MAT CONDUCTIVE FLOOR MAT ESD LAMINATE ESD CONTROL DEVICES ANTISTATIC VINYL TABLE MAT CONDUCTIVE FLOOR MAT ESD LAMINATE ESD WRIST STRAP ESD HEEL STRAP ESD TOE STRAP COMMON POINT GROUND ANTISTATIC BINS/TRAYS PCB STORAGE RACK CONDUCTIVE FOAM

ESD AUDIT

MATERIALS CLASSIFICATION MATERIAL SURFACE VOLUME CLASS RESISTIVITY RESISTIVITY SHIELDING 104 OR LESS 102 OR LESS CONDUCTIVE 105 OR LESS 104 OR LESS DISSIPATIVE 105 TO 1010 104 TO 109 ANTISTATIC 1010 TO 1012 --- INSULATIVE >1015 >1014

ESD AUDIT PERSONNEL TRAINING FOR ESD PREVENTIVE AWARENESS TRAINING CERTIFICATION TRAINING CONTROL PROGRAM AUDIT

ESD TEST & MEASURING INSTRUMENTS STATIC CHARGE METER WRIST STRAP AND GROUND TESTER FOOTWEAR TESTER SURFACE RESISTIVITY METER STATIC SENSOR CONTINUOUS WRIST STRAP MONITOR CONTINUOUS WORK STATION MONITOR TEMPARATURE AND HUMIDITY INDICATOR

TESTING EVALUATION The test evaluation report consists of the following test areas for each ESD item/s: POINT TO POINT SURFACE RESISTIVITY TOP/BOTTOM POINT TO POINT SURFACE RESISTIVITY IN/OUT SURFACE TO GROUND RESISTANCE PERSON TO GROUND RESISTANCE STATIC CHARGE MEASURING TEST STATIC SHIELDING TEST

TESTING EVALUATION The tests are generally conducted for the following item/s: Antistatic P.E Bags Static Shield Bags Conductive Bags Conductive Grid Bags Antistatic Aprons Conductive Brush Foot Wear ESD Mat conductive Mat Work Surface ESD Laminate Wrist Strap Heel Strap ESD Chair

Wrist Straps Footwear PERSONAL GROUNDING Two types of Personal Grounding: Wrist Straps Footwear

WRIST STRAPS Daily Check with Wrist Strap Worn Test with a Wrist Strap tester

Floor Point to Point

Floor Resistance to Ground

Garments Point to Point

May need person wearing garment Garments Point to Ground May need person wearing garment Needs to be connected to ground as wor n

Chair Check all parts of Chairs to Ground Seat, Backrest, Armrest, Foot Rest

TYPES OF ESD DAMAGE CATASTROPHIC FAILURE UPSET FAILURE

SHIELDING Types of Faraday Cages Metallized & Conductive Shielding Bags Conductive tote box with cover FARADAY CAGE

A hollow conductor A Faraday Cage is a hollow conductor. Michael Faraday

WORK STATION

Electrostatic Voltmeter (ESV)

Measurement of Static Electricity Static electricity is measured in coulombs. The charge "q" on an object is determined by the product of the capacitance of the object "C" and the voltage potential on the object (V): q=CV Commonly, however, we speak of the electrostatic potential on an object, which is expressed as voltage.

ESD Damage-How Devices Fail Electrostatic damage to electronic devices can occur at any point from manufacture to field service. Damage results from handling the devices in uncontrolled surroundings or when poor ESD control practices are used. Generally damage is classified as either a catastrophic failure or a latent defect.