Milk By: Allison Huang,Yun Ting Xu,Katerina Kountouris,Yinan Cho, Qiujing Hu Group #2

Two major domesticated cattle species Animal domestication Earliest milk consumption History of Milk

Different amongst different species Basic components of milk Cow's milk vs. human milk Milk Composition

Whole milk (3.5%) Reduced-fat milk (2%) Low-fat milk (1%) Fat-free milk aka Nonfat or Skim milk (0.2%) -add back fat soluble vitamin Different Types of Milk

Organic milk Lactose-free milk Flavored milk

grazing-fresh grass Fed grain, hay, or silage Utilize growth hormones and antibiotics to increase milk production and decrease spread of diseases Rearing

Hand milking – Flexible milking times Machine milking – Twice a day – A refrigerated bulk tank truck makes collections from dairy farms every 24 or 48 hours. collecting

raw milk usually keep in a refrigerated bulk milk tank where it is cooled to about 40° F (4.4° C), or colder, for no more than 48 hours remains cold and that the milkfat does not separate from the milk. storing

milk is transported to factory sites and stored in refrigerated silos before processing. special stainless steel bodies-keep the milk cold Tanker drivers evaluate the quality of milk transportation

two sets of samples Farm milk samples are tested for milkfat, protein, bulk milk cell count and bacteria count. Samples from the bulk milk tanker are tested for antibiotics and temperature lab testing

Spin milk through a centrifuge to separate the cream from the milk. cream and remaining-milk are mixed in different ratios depending on desired quality of milk- standardization – whole milk-3.25% fat – low fat milk- 1% fat – skim milk(nonfat milk)-0.05% fat Separation

Heat the milk to 161° F (72° C) for 15 seconds to kill bacteria cool again without allowing recontamination Pasteurization

Pushing milk through an atomizer to form tiny fat Milk fat will not float to the top of the container Quickly cooled to 40° F (4.4° C) to avoid harming its taste. Homogenization

automatic packaging machines fills and seals the milk into paper cartons or plastic jugs. A “sell by” date is printed to show how long the milk will stay fresh. Keep refrigerated and delivery to the stores. Packaging

Pasteurized milk vs. raw milk Raw milk: o milk that has not been pasteurized to kill harmful bacteria. It can carry dangerous bacteria such as Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria, causing numerous foodborne illnesses Pasteurization: o a process that kills harmful bacteria by heating milk to a specific temperature for a set period of time Milk Safety

The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has reported that the number of foodborne illness outbreaks in states where raw milk is banned is lower compared with the number that occurs in states that allow the sale of raw milk All sources of literature and data show that raw milk does fall into a "riskier" category of foods Milk Safety

Pasteurized milk can readily spoil and could cause foodborne illness if not properly protected Temperature Refrigeration Harmful bacteria can grow rapidly in milk about 45ºF For each 18ºF increase in temperature, the spoilage rate of milk doubles Milk Safety

Human Milk Protects infants from infection Helps determine the type of bacteria in GI Tract Helps build up immune system Positive effects on cognitive development Nutritional Value/Benefits

Bovine milk Possible cancer prevention/tumor growth Antiviral functions High amount of Oleic acid- lowers cholesterol Favorable omega-6 to omega-3 ratio (low) Triggers muscle protein synthesis Nutritional Value/Benefits