Today: Genetically Modifying Organisms (see textbook section 38.3) Exam #4 W 5/5 (bring cheat sheet) Q&A T 5/4 from 4-6pm in WEL 2.224

Human resource production and use

Worldwide Grain Production per Person

Land use in USA, 1997

from TeosinteMaize By artificial selection that began ~10,000 years ago. Fig Artificial Selection

Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial

Genetic Engineering: Direct manipulation of DNA Fig 20.2

We can now insert new genes or modify existing genes of organisms

Genetically modified plants

Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting some of their DNA into the plants genome and forming a gall.

Fig Agrobacterium infect plants, inserting some of their DNA into the plants genome.

After inserting a gene into the Agrobacteria, they will insert that gene into the plant's DNA. Fig 20.25

Global area planted with GM crops And Texas=70ha

The agricultural release of genetically modified plants is the largest scale experiment that has ever been performed.

Why Change a Plant’s DNA? Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics Stress resistance (cold, drought, disease...) Insect resistance (Bt toxin) Herbicide resistance (Round-up)

% of Total US Acres Common GM Crops in the U.S. ce/2007/09/mon santo-is- hap.html

Why Change a Plant’s DNA? Can change plant so that it has new or different characteristics Stress resistance (cold, drought, disease...) Insect resistance (Bt toxin) Herbicide resistance (Round-up)

Have GMO's been beneficial, and what are the risks?

more precise application vs unintended release

Human impacts: Dead zone in Gulf of Mexico from Mississippi River es- picayune/2007/06/despit e_promises_to_fix_it_th e.html

Pollen is easily transferred from plant to plant, and to related species.

GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves.

GM crops illegal GM crops found in Oaxaca and other MX states Genetic information moves, and is self-replicating.

Monsanto's is one of the largest sellers of GMO's Monsanto Stock price

Monsanto, and other makers of GMO's, protect their product by patents... Monsanto Stock price

Domesticated animals have also been genetically modified: Atryn- antithrombin protein produced in transgenic goats (in milk) has anti-clotting properties

Have GMO's been beneficial, and what are the risks? … It's complicated.

We have genetically modified both plants and domesticated animals... What about humans?

Fig Using viruses to add genes to humans

As with computer technology, the plunging cost of DNA sequencing has opened new applications in science and medicine. Graph: ADAPTED FROM GRAPH PROVIDED BY JEFFREY SCHLOSS/NHGRI GENE SEQUENCING: The Race for the $1000 Genome (17 March 2006) R Service Science 311: The material cost will soon be ~$1,000 to sequence a complete human genome at a consumer cost of ~$5,000

How close are we to picking our offspring? Karyomapping is a new technique developed at a British fertility clinic can test for 15,000 known genetic disorders. It takes DNA from 8-day-old in vitro fertilized embryos as well as from the parents and possibly other relatives. The test costs ~$2,300.

How close are we to picking our offspring? “…the test could also be used, more controversially, to detect a genetic profile which showed a susceptibility to conditions such as heart disease or cancer.”

When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits? Sex ratio in China, est at birth: 1.11 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.13 male(s)/female years: 1.06 male(s)/female Compare to U.S. at birth 1.05 male(s)/female

When does picking the ‘best’ become choosing traits? What ‘abnormality’ might a parent choose? One study found that each inch above average may be worth $789 more in salary per year. Journal of Applied Psychology T. Judge and D. Cable (Vol. 89, No. 3).

Hunter- Gatherer Agricultural Industrial

Exam #4 W 5/5 (bring cheat sheet) Q&A T 5/4 from 4-6pm in WEL 2.224