Section II: Louis XIV Rules France (Pages ) This section is about: This section is about: The conflicts over religion during the sixteenth century as well as the negotiations that helped resolve the conflicts. The conflicts over religion during the sixteenth century as well as the negotiations that helped resolve the conflicts. The reign of Louis XIV and his influence on French culture, and his interactions with and influences on foreign nations. The reign of Louis XIV and his influence on French culture, and his interactions with and influences on foreign nations.

This section is mostly about one person: we haven’t had that too much. This section is mostly about one person: we haven’t had that too much. Look at the Main Ideas on 392. Look at the Main Ideas on 392. We should also look at the top right of 392: Active Reading: Summarize. We should also look at the top right of 392: Active Reading: Summarize. This section starts with something we’re familiar with: Protestants – but in France the Calvinist Protestants were called Huguenots This section starts with something we’re familiar with: Protestants – but in France the Calvinist Protestants were called Huguenots The Eight Beatitudes

Religious Conflict In the 1500’s, many French nobles were Protestant Huguenots (more than 1/3). In the 1500’s, many French nobles were Protestant Huguenots (more than 1/3). Many of the French monarchs (King Francis I and King Henry II) were Roman Catholics – and they would sometimes burn the Protestants at the stake (for heresy). Many of the French monarchs (King Francis I and King Henry II) were Roman Catholics – and they would sometimes burn the Protestants at the stake (for heresy). From , there were 9 civil wars in France over which would be more powerful. From , there were 9 civil wars in France over which would be more powerful. At one point, Henry II and Charles IX ordered a massacre (of thousands) of Huguenots. At one point, Henry II and Charles IX ordered a massacre (of thousands) of Huguenots. This is known as the Saint Bartholomew's’ day Massacre after the day it started. This is known as the Saint Bartholomew's’ day Massacre after the day it started. One of the main Huguenot leaders (Henry of Navarre) only survived by renouncing his protestant religion. One of the main Huguenot leaders (Henry of Navarre) only survived by renouncing his protestant religion.

Catherine de' Medici is shown emerging from the Château du Lou (Mother of King Charles) Admiral Coligny's body hanging out of a window (Huguenot Leader)

Henry IV and Cardinal Richelieu This all led to even more war. This all led to even more war. The Spanish came to help the Roman Catholics. The Spanish came to help the Roman Catholics. This bothered many small Protestant towns. This bothered many small Protestant towns. Both sides eventually realized they should get along and they stopped fighting. Both sides eventually realized they should get along and they stopped fighting. Their new leader was Henry of Navarre – who became a Protestant again. Their new leader was Henry of Navarre – who became a Protestant again. When Henry III was assassinated, Henry of Navarre became the next king of France (as Henry IV). When Henry III was assassinated, Henry of Navarre became the next king of France (as Henry IV). ……………………… ………………………

Henry IV was going to re-unify the country (even though it was about 1/3 Huguenot and 2/3 Roman Catholic). Henry IV was going to re-unify the country (even though it was about 1/3 Huguenot and 2/3 Roman Catholic). He rejected his Protestant faith (yes, again), became Roman catholic, and begged the Pope for forgiveness. He rejected his Protestant faith (yes, again), became Roman catholic, and begged the Pope for forgiveness. He issued the Edict of Nantes – which encouraged religious tolerance in France. He issued the Edict of Nantes – which encouraged religious tolerance in France. In 1619, he was succeeded by his son. In 1619, he was succeeded by his son. But because his son (Louis XIII) was just 9 years old, the chief minister of France (Cardinal Richelieu) managed the country for a while. But because his son (Louis XIII) was just 9 years old, the chief minister of France (Cardinal Richelieu) managed the country for a while. Since he was Roman Catholic, he changed the Edict of Nantes. Since he was Roman Catholic, he changed the Edict of Nantes. He also put the power of France back into the hands of a single person – a monarch (the King) He also put the power of France back into the hands of a single person – a monarch (the King)

Louis XIV: The Sun King The Great Monarch When Louis XIII died, his son was just 5. When Louis XIII died, his son was just 5. Same thing again: a Cardinal took over for a while, but when he died, Louis XIV did take over (at 23). Same thing again: a Cardinal took over for a while, but when he died, Louis XIV did take over (at 23). Just like his grandfather (Henry IV), he believed in absolute monarchy (all power comes from God and Kings are God’s representatives on earth). Just like his grandfather (Henry IV), he believed in absolute monarchy (all power comes from God and Kings are God’s representatives on earth). Louis XIV believed in “peace at home and war abroad” – quadrupling the size of his army (which cost a lot of money). Louis XIV believed in “peace at home and war abroad” – quadrupling the size of his army (which cost a lot of money). Louis XIV also cancelled the Edict of Nantes – and many Protestants left the country so they wouldn’t have to become Catholics. Louis XIV also cancelled the Edict of Nantes – and many Protestants left the country so they wouldn’t have to become Catholics.

A Grand Palace Louis XIV built a new palace – at Versailles (about 10 miles outside Paris). Louis XIV built a new palace – at Versailles (about 10 miles outside Paris). Versailles had hundreds of rooms filled with tapestries, chandeliers, dazzling mirrors, gardens, fountains, elaborate landscaping, marble statues, etc… Versailles had hundreds of rooms filled with tapestries, chandeliers, dazzling mirrors, gardens, fountains, elaborate landscaping, marble statues, etc… This was more than a residence – it was a symbol of the monarchy of France This was more than a residence – it was a symbol of the monarchy of France Louis XIV was even described as “the Sun King.” Louis XIV was even described as “the Sun King.” Another part of Versailles: everything was done with great ceremony (as in the “ “ on page 394). Another part of Versailles: everything was done with great ceremony (as in the “ “ on page 394).

Arts and Culture Under Louis XIV The art style of the times and of Louis XIV is called the Baroque style (ornate decoration). The art style of the times and of Louis XIV is called the Baroque style (ornate decoration). The literature and painting of the time are called neo-classical (after the Greeks and Romans). The literature and painting of the time are called neo-classical (after the Greeks and Romans). Writing (literature and drama): Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, and Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere). Writing (literature and drama): Pierre Corneille, Jean Racine, and Jean Baptiste Poquelin (Moliere). Science and Philosophy: Descartes (mathematics) and Blaise Pascal (science and religion). These ideas were based on skepticism: doubting and/or challenging knowledge Science and Philosophy: Descartes (mathematics) and Blaise Pascal (science and religion). These ideas were based on skepticism: doubting and/or challenging knowledge

France and the Rest of Europe The greatest significance of this time period: things that had to do with power and the balance of power. The greatest significance of this time period: things that had to do with power and the balance of power. Everyone wanted power, without letting any one state get too much of it and taking over a region. Everyone wanted power, without letting any one state get too much of it and taking over a region.

Louis XIV’s Foreign Policy At home: Louis XIV wanted peace. At home: Louis XIV wanted peace. Away from home: almost constant wars. Away from home: almost constant wars. He didn’t want he Hapsburgs too have any more power (they were close to surrounding France). He didn’t want he Hapsburgs too have any more power (they were close to surrounding France). When King Charles II of Spain died, he gave all his lands to Louis XIV’s grandson. When King Charles II of Spain died, he gave all his lands to Louis XIV’s grandson. England didn’t want them to have all that land, so they fought for it. England didn’t want them to have all that land, so they fought for it. England won and the agreement was that Spain and France’s thrones would never be united. England won and the agreement was that Spain and France’s thrones would never be united.

The Legacy of Louis XIV Louis XIV unified France. Louis XIV unified France. He made France a great power. He made France a great power. He expanded French culture even beyond Europe. He expanded French culture even beyond Europe. His projects (Versailles) and his wars cost a lot of money. His projects (Versailles) and his wars cost a lot of money. This money came from taxpayers, who were becoming very poor – and angry (often on the edge of starvation). This money came from taxpayers, who were becoming very poor – and angry (often on the edge of starvation). He was King of France for 72 years – so long that when he died, his great grandson (5 years old though) inherited the throne (longest reigning monarch in European history). He was King of France for 72 years – so long that when he died, his great grandson (5 years old though) inherited the throne (longest reigning monarch in European history).

The Carriages of Versailles