Ch-14 Blood

Blood is a connective tissue formed primarily in the bone marrow. Functions: Transport nutrients, oxygen, waste and hormones. Distributes heat. Promotes homeostasis. An average adult has about 5 liters of blood in the body. It accounts for 8% body weight.

Blood Composition Plasma Red blood cells White blood cells Platelets

1. Plasma Composition: 92% water, wastes, salts and proteins. Albumins- maintain osmotic blood pressure. Globulins- transports lipids and fat soluble vitamins. Fibrogens- aids in blood coagulation.

2. Platelets Cell fragments that help with blood clotting, or thrombus. Hemostasis- coagulation of blood. Proteins repair the holes in the vessels. Lack of platelets = hemophilia Life span = 12 days

Hemostasis= stoppage of blood Blood vessel spasms and contracts. 5. Blood clot forms and surface forms a scab.

3. Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) Carry oxygen to the lungs and tissues via hemoglobin. (O2 = scarlet red color.) Constantly produced within red bone marrow. Life span ~120days Lack nuclei Flexible to fit through capillaries. Lack of rbc’s = anemia.

4. White Blood Cells (leukocytes) Primary cells of the immune system that produce antibodies. Normal count 5,000 – 10,000 (mL) leukopenia low WBC count flu, measles, chicken pox, & AIDS leukocytosis high WBC count acute infections, vigorous exercise, great loss of body fluids and leukemia (cancer of white blood cells.)

Types of WBC’s Neutrophils: (54%-62% of all leukocytes) General phagocytosis; acute bacterial infections. First to arrive at infections

2. Basophils: (less than 1% of leukocytes) Cause inflammatory reactions: - release histamine (inflammation) -Heparin- natural anticoagulant to keep blood flowing.

3. Eosinophils: (1-3% of all leukocytes) moderate allergic reactions defend against parasitic worm infestations

4. Monocytes: (3-9% of all leukocytes) leave bloodstream to become macrophages, which digest bacteria and dead cells. elevated in typhoid fever, malaria, tuberculosis

5. Lymphocytes: (25-33% of all leukocytes) Important in immunity due to T and B Cells. Produce antibodies Decreased T Cells in AIDS patients.

Diapadesis How leukocytes squeeze through capillary walls to leave the blood vessels and enter infected tissues.

Blood Typing Proteins called antigens coat the outside of the red blood cells. 4 Types: A B AB O= no coating

O= universal donor AB = universal recipient O+ most common blood type AB- most rare blood type Blood Typing Game

Blood Typing con’t Rh Blood Group – discovered in rhesus monkeys. - agglutinogen D protein coating = (+) - NO agglutinogen D coating = (-) - causes concern for transplants and transfusions and some pregnancies.

Example: An Rh- mother pregnant with a Rh+ baby leads to miscarriage or erythroblastosis fetalis if not treated with a Rhogam serum.

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Blood Doping Blood Doping http://on.aol.com/video/the-problem-of-blood-doping-517653049 Stop at nothing https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DKscASTSN5U