Memory CHAPTER 9

Intro to Memory The Mystery of Memory The Mystery of Memory The Mystery of Memory The Mystery of Memory

Forgetting Questionnaire Average Responses Average Responses –1. C/D8. B/C15. B/C –2. A9. A16. C –3. B10. B17. B –4. B11. A18. B –5. D12. D19. A –6. B/C13. B20. A –7. B/C14. A

Most Common Memory Complaints Names 83% Names 83% Where you put things 60% Where you put things 60% Telephone Numbers 57% Telephone Numbers 57% Specific Words 53% Specific Words 53% Not recalling what you already told someone 49% Not recalling what you already told someone 49% Forgetting what people told you 49% Forgetting what people told you 49% Faces 42% Faces 42% Directions 41% Directions 41% What you were getting ready to do 41% What you were getting ready to do 41% What you have already done (ex. Turn something off) 38% What you have already done (ex. Turn something off) 38%

How good is your memory? Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual events include memorizing the order of a deck of cards (record is 34 secs…23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 100,000 places (16 hours). Champion is Rajan. Memoriad: Memory Olympics..Annual events include memorizing the order of a deck of cards (record is 34 secs…23 packs in 1 hour, memorizing digits in order (630 in 30 mins.) memorizing pi 100,000 places (16 hours). Champion is Rajan. CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS? CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS?

How good is your memory? CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS FROM A LIST? CAN YOU NAME THE SEVEN DWARFS FROM A LIST? Drowsy Bashful Snoozy Sniffy Dopey Flabby Hungry Scrapy Sneezy Sleepy Sleezy Silly Doc Tipsy Happy Joyful Gloomy HelpfulCranky Grumpy Stuffy Pop Sloppy Hopeful

How good is your memory? THE SEVEN DWARFS THE SEVEN DWARFS Dopey, Bashful, Sneezy, Sleepy, Happy, Grumpy, Doc

Recognition vs. Recall Recognition is usually easier than recall. Recognition is usually easier than recall. –Recall: you must generate possible answers and then identify correct answers. –Recognition: Given possible answers and have to select the correct one(s)

Memory: How are memories made? Memory – any indication that learning has persisted over a period of time through the storage and retrieval of information Memory – any indication that learning has persisted over a period of time through the storage and retrieval of information –1. Encoding – getting info to the brain –2. Storage – retain the information –3. Retrieval – getting info back out of the brain –Human Experiments..What is memory

Encoding Do you remember what a penny looks like? Do you remember what a penny looks like? –Try to draw the face side of a penny in the margin of your notes…. –Try to draw the reverse side of a penny ….

A US Penny…. Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO The words one penny The words one penny –The words United States of America –The right side of Washington’s face –The words ONE CENT –The date of mint –The great seal –The word Lincoln Memorial –The number 1 centered –The full face of Lincoln –The right side of Lincoln’s face –A laurel wreath –The Lincoln Memorial –The words IN GOD WE TRUST –The word LIBERTY –The words E PLURIBUS UNUM –The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

Which penny is correct? P. 377 P. 377

A US Penny…. Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO Are the following on the Penny? Answer YES OR NO –The words ONE PENNY –The words United States of America –The words ONE CENT –The date of mint –The great seal –The word Lincoln Memorial –The number 1 centered –The full face of Lincoln –The right side of Lincoln’s face –A laurel wreath –The Lincoln Memorial –The words IN GOD WE TRUST –The word LIBERTY –The words E PLURIBUS UNUM –The Statue of Liberty’s Torch

US Penny Why don’t we encode everything? Why don’t we encode everything? This is called encoding failure This is called encoding failure What do we decide to encode? What do we decide to encode? –We typically encode the things that are important to us! –Although we see pennies on a daily basis we may not encode what their features… this is not necessary to tell a penny from other coins –Instructions: Turn your head to face the back of the room….

What we encode Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are emotionally significant this is called flashbulb memory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn fire,earliest childhood memory Q. 2 vivid memories. Q Why? do A. they are emotionally significant this is called flashbulb memory.(p.351). Review- preschool popcorn fire,earliest childhood memory Ex. Where were you when you first heard the report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? Sandy Hook? Ex. Where were you when you first heard the report of the twin towers begin hit by airplanes? Sandy Hook? Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memory Show Human Experience Tape on flashbulb memory Information that is different. (Teacher presenting in different way Information that is different. (Teacher presenting in different way

What we encode can be related to other ingrained memories can be related to other ingrained memories also what we focus or give attention – going in a line/circle. also what we focus or give attention – going in a line/circle. Information that is important. Q. Top color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which is more important?) Letters that are not on a home phone, US Penny exer. Information that is important. Q. Top color on US Flag, top of a stoplight (which is more important?) Letters that are not on a home phone, US Penny exer. Meaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW vs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUN Meaningful- BAZ, LEQ, WAV, GEK, HIW vs. OWL, BAT, MAN, FUN

Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model External events are processed by our sensory memory External events are processed by our sensory memory –Immediate recording of info in the memory system Sensory memory Long Term Memory Short Term Memory Retrieval

Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model Some of the info from the sensory memory is encoded into our short-term memory Some of the info from the sensory memory is encoded into our short-term memory –Memory that holds only a small amount of info –In short term before the info is stored in long term or forgotten –Sometimes referred to as working memory (we are currently working with these memories and they are at a conscious level) Sensory memory Long Term Memory Short Term Memory Retrieval

Three Box / Three Stage Processing Model Some of info from our short term memory is encoded in our long-term memory. Some of info from our short term memory is encoded in our long-term memory. –“Permanent” storage but long term memories can fade –Long term memory is thought to be unlimited Sensory memory Long Term Memory Short Term Memory Retrieval

Sensory Memory Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for incoming information Sensory Memory - Split second holding tank for incoming information –Most sensory information is not encoded –Iconic memory – fleeting photographic memory –Q When we say Oprah is an icon..what do we mean? –Echoic memory – fleeting auditory memory. Q experience with your parents How do we choose what to encode from sensory input? How do we choose what to encode from sensory input? –What’s meaningful, important.etc, what we’re attending to (we have selective attention)

Iconic Memory Activity George Sperling flashes a group of 9 letters for 1/20 th of a second people could recall only half the letters. When asked to recall a particular row immediately they could do so near perfectly George Sperling flashes a group of 9 letters for 1/20 th of a second people could recall only half the letters. When asked to recall a particular row immediately they could do so near perfectly Iconic Memory Activity: Live Psych Iconic Memory Activity: Live PsychLive

Short Term Memory Limited capacity Limited capacity Memories in the short-term are temporary (could fade within seconds or minutes) Memories in the short-term are temporary (could fade within seconds or minutes) Capacity is limited to around seven items (plus or minus 2) Capacity is limited to around seven items (plus or minus 2) –Activity – Memory Capacity –The capacity could be increased by using chunking, rehearsal or mnemonic devices –Rajan- Supermemorist Rajan- SupermemoristRajan- Supermemorist

Long Term Memory Unlimited capacity Unlimited capacity Not truly permanent since memories can fade Not truly permanent since memories can fade Memories stored in three different formats p. 368 Memories stored in three different formats p. 368 –Episodic Memory – memory of specific events, stored in a sequential series. Ex. – learning to ride a bike –Procedural Memory – Memory of how to perform skills, stored in sequential series. Ex. How to ride a bike –Semantic Memory – General knowledge, facts, meaning, stored in categories

Retrospective vs. prospective Memory Retrospective Memory- Remembering things you’ve done in the past Retrospective Memory- Remembering things you’ve done in the past Prospective Memory- remembering what you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out college application by Saturday) Prospective Memory- remembering what you’re supposed to do. (ex. fill out college application by Saturday)

Long Term Memories Explicit vs. Implicit Memories Explicit vs. Implicit Memories –Explicit (aka declarative) – conscious recall  Ex. general knowledge or experiences–recall a definition –Implicit (aka non declarative) – without conscious recall Endless Memory, Part 2 Endless Memory, Part 2

Levels of Processing Model Levels of Processing Model – Memories are not short or long term; rather they are either deeply or shallowly processed. Levels of Processing Model – Memories are not short or long term; rather they are either deeply or shallowly processed. –We remember things we spend more cognitive time processing Activity: Live Psych activity Live Psych activityLive Psych activity