Coaching: The Art and the Science “It is not enough to have a good mind. The main thing is to use it well.” ( Rene Descartes)

Canadian Sports Participation Participation rates decline! (Statistics Canada, 2008) 1992 – 45% of Canadians participated 1998 – 34% of Canadians participated 2005 – 28% of Canadians participated 9.6 million in million in 2005

Why is participation important? Quality of Life Reducing number of inactive Canadians by 10% would result in a saving of $5 billion in health care spending. (Katzmarczek, 2001)

Likelihood of Participation Parent participation in amateur sport increases likelihood of children participation. Youth participation in amateur sport increases likelihood of continued participation as adults (Sport Canada Survey, 1998)

Canadian Sports Participation Decrease across all ages! (Statistics Canada, 2008) % in 1992 to 59% in % in 1992 to 43% in % in 1992 to 31% in % in 1992 to 17% in 2005

Canadian Sports Participation Men more active than women but gap narrows % of men and 26% of women participated % of men and 21% of women participated Education a factor high school diploma or less - 25% participated post secondary diploma - 30% participated university degree - 33% participated

Canadian Sports Participation Immigrants participate less Canadian born 30% participation rate Recent immigrants 27% participation rate Pre 1990 immigrants 19% participation rate

Children’s Participation Sport of choice? Soccer sport of choice for children 5 to 14 Boys and girls both 44% Overall boys 55% vs girls 45% Household income a factor income less than $40, % income above $80, %

Canadian Sports Participation More men than women were regular sport participants % men, 38% women % men, 26% women % men, 21% women Gender gap most evident between year olds (89% to 64%) (Statistics Canada, 1998)

Women in Sport Only 6 of 32 sports included in 1992 General Social Survey dominated by females. Which ones? Field Hockey Figure Skating Gymnastics Ringette Synchronized Swimming Volleyball (Statistics Canada, 1992)

Women in Sport Greatest influence on female sport participation in North America? Title IX (1972) Legislated equality of opportunities for female athletes in the NCAA

The Female Coach Number of women coaching female teams? 1972 – 90% NCAA teams coached by females 1991 – 47% of women’s teams female coached (Carpenter and Acosta, 1991) Why the decline? Or is it a decline?

The Female Coach What About Canada? - 29% of all coaches female in 1992 (Statistics Canada, 1992) What about the CIS?

CIS Coaches 11 CIS Sports – 8 both enders 434 CIS coaches Women’s Sports Which sports had more female coaches (10 vs 4)? Field hockey Which sports had almost 50% balance (20/21, 11/12)? B asketball, rugby Which sports had no female coaches? Wrestling Men’s (10) Sports Which sports had no female coaches (4)? Football, m hockey, m soccer, m wrestling Which sports had 1 female coach (3)? Basketball, swimming, volleyball

Sex Bias in Coaching Male coaches rated higher than female coaches Males rated male coaches higher than female regardless of comparative abilities Females rated female coaches higher ONLY when record of the female coach was SIGNIFICANTLY better! (Weinberg, Reveles and Jackson, 1984) (Parkhouse and Williams, 1986) (Parkhouse and Williams, 1988)

Female Coaches in Canada In 1992 only 4% of Canadians amateur coaches and male dominated In 2005 overall 7% of Canadians amateur coaches ,000 males amateur coaches 9% decrease from ,000 women amateur coaches 15% higher than in 1998