Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Instincts Instinct is a Pattern of behavior that is: –Fixed –Unlearned –Genetically programmed Examples include: –Migrating –Mating –Rooting –Sucking –grasping

Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological William James Wrote “Principles of Psychology” Social behavior instincts are inherited –Love –Sympathy –Modesty Survival instincts also inherited

Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Charles Darwin Theory of the evolution of animals…. Behavior originates from instincts Instincts are ADAPTIVE survival behaviors

Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Ethology (animal behavior) Organisms are born with certain behavior patterns Instincts are inherited dispositions that generate specific behavior patterns designed to attain a goal –Nest building –Bird songs Instincts are genetically transmitted Instincts are called “fixed action patterns”

Motivation Theories: Instinct/Biological Sociobiological We respond in a manner that preserves our genes…..behavior gives us genetic advantage Herding reduces threats to the individual Aged/non-productive members leave the group to increase family survival chances Parents care for their young

Motivation Theories: Drive - Reduction Clark Hull Behavior is from physiological needs –Biological needs/tissue deficit leads to drive –Need to reestablish homeostasis strengthens drive Drives are internal & relate to survival needs –Needs = Food / water / air –Drive ↑ as deprivation continues –Tissue imbalance = deficit = strengthened drive

Motivation Theories: Drive - Reduction Clark Hull Behavior is to reduce need or deficit –Eat / drink / breathe –Behaviors restore balance (homeostasis) –Behaviors are reinforced through reduction of need NOT consistent with Harry Harlow’s “Mother Love” Study - 315

Motivation Theories: Arousal Theory Different individuals prefer different levels of stimulation in the environment Individuals SEEK activities that create desired levels of stimulation Individuals AVOID activities that create excessive stimulation

Motivation Theories: Arousal Theory Yerkes-Dodson Law Relationship between the task and levels of arousal Low difficulty tasks better with high arousal Moderate difficulty needs moderate arousal High difficulty better with low arousal

Motivation Theories: Incentive Theory Motivation produced by need for goal attainment (NOT a drive!) Intrinsic Motivation –Internal need for achievement –Internal reinforcements (positive feelings of accomplishment) Extrinsic Motivation –Tangible / external reinforcements –Rewards & punishments shape behavior

Motivation Theories: Incentive Theory Overjustification Effect When extrinsic rewards are provided for a previously intrinsic behavior…… Behavior will decrease What happens….. –at school? –Professional athletes? –?–?

Motivation Theories: Cognitive Consistency Theory (Leon Festinger) Beliefs that are in opposition create conflict (cognitive dissonance) Beliefs inconsistent with behavior create conflict (= cognitive dissonance) Individual is motivated to reduce tension created by conflict by….. –Change / modify beliefs, or….. –Change / modify behavior

Motivation Theories: Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow-326) Hierarchy of Needs – each level must be “met” before moving to next level –Physiological (food / water) –Safety (stable/secure environment) –Belongingness (Acceptance and Love) –Esteem (Achievement / competence) –Self-Actualization (fulfill potential)

Motivation Theories: Humanistic Theory (Abraham Maslow-326)