Classification of Plants Unit 7: Chapters 21-23 Classification of Plants

Plants belong to the kingdom ___________ Plants are divided into ___________ (instead of Phylums) Characteristics of Plants: 1. ______________ - composed of many cells 2. __________ - have a nucleus and membrane bound organelles 3. _________ - extra cell structure for support 4. __________ - waxy water proof coating ______________ - convert sunlight into chemical energy, _________, through the process of ________________ Plantae Divisions Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell Wall Cuticle Photosynthetic glucose photosynthesis

Main Structures of Plants: _______- anchors the plant to soil; absorb water and minerals from the soil; transports those nutrients to the stem. Types of Roots: a. _________ -single thick structures with smaller branching roots; accumulate and store food. Ex: _______ and ______ b. ___________ - have many small branching roots that grow from a central point. c. _________ - originate above ground and help support a plant. Ex. __________. d. __________ - cling to objects such as walls and provide support for climbing stems. Roots Tap Roots carrots beets Fibrous Roots Prop Roots Corn plants Aerial Roots

3. _______ - responsible for photosynthesis Types of leaves: _______ - provide support for leaves and the reproductive structures of plants; plant stems with vascular tissue contain tissues for transport of nutrients and water. 3. _______ - responsible for photosynthesis Types of leaves: a. _______ leaves –consist of one blade that is not divided and its petiole. b. _________ leaves – consists of several leaflets with a single petiole Stems Leaves Simple Compounds

Characteristics of leaves: Leaf ________ a. _______ - veins run from the petiole more or less parallel out to the tip of the leaf. b. _______ - one main vein with smaller veins branching off it and running parallel to each other. c. ________ - several main veins radiate out from the petiole and have many smaller branches. VENATION Parallel Pinnate Palmate

a. ________ -the arrangement of two leaves on the stem are located on 2. Leaf ___________ a. ________ -the arrangement of two leaves on the stem are located on opposite sides of the stem. b. _________ - the arrangement of the leaves appear so than one leaf is higher on the stem than the other leaf. c. ________ - the arrangement of the leaves are clustered together in groups of three or more leaves. Arrangement Opposite Alternate Alternate Whorled Whorled

Types of Plant Cells: _______________ - most abundant cells found throughout plant living tissue; its spherical shaped with large central vacuole, and functions in photosynthesis, food storage, and wound healing. 2. _____________ - long cells with unevenly thickened cell walls that provides support the growing regions of a plant 3. ____________ - cells with thick and rigid cell walls; die at maturity forms a region of dead cells that have ceased growing, and provides supports and strength for plants. Parenchyma Cells Collenchyma Cells Sclerenchyma

________ tissue – composed mostly of Plant Tissues: ________ tissue – composed mostly of parenchyma cells; found throughout a plant; found associated with other tissues; supports vascular bundles; functions: __________, ______, ______ 2. _______ tissue – responsible for transporting materials through plants Consists of: ______ - vascular tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals ______ - vascular tissue that conducts food Ground photosynthesis Ground tissue storage support Vascular Xylem Vascular tissue Phloem

______ tissue – provides outer protection for the whole plant. Consists of: ________ - outer layer of cells with a waxy cuticle. Functions: 1. ____________ 2. _____________ 3. ______________ _______ - opening in the epidermis of leaves that regulate the passage of gases in and out of the plant, surrounded by ____ ____ which control the opening and closing of stomata. Dermal Epidermis Plant protection Epidermis Prevents water loss Aids in gas exchange Stomata Guard cells

Internal Structure of a leaf A. Ground tissue B. Vascular Tissue Spongy mesophyll Vascular bundle C. Dermal Tissue Palisade mesophyll Cuticle Upper epidermis Mesophyll Guard cells phloem Stomata Lower epidermis xylem

Classification of Plants Non-seeded Non-vascular Plants: (also known as _____ plants) 1. Division: __________ include ________ 2. Division: ___________ 3. Division: _______ include ______ spore Hepaticophyta Liver worts Anthocerophyta Horn worts Bryophyta mosses

Non-seeded Vascular Plants: 1. Division: __________ include _________ Psilophyta Whisk ferns Lycophyta Club mosses Arthophyta horsetails Pterophyta ferns

Seeded Vascular Plants 1. Division: _________ include _____ 2. Division: ________ include ______, ______, ________ 3. Division: _________ include __________ Cycadophyta cycads Gnetophyta Gnetoum Ephedra Welwitchia Ginkophyta Ginkgo biloba

include _____ _________ __________ 5. Division: _________ Coniferophyta Pines, cone bearing evergreens Anthophyta Flowering plants

Seeded Vascular Plants Gymnosperms A. B. Examples: 1. 2. 3. 4. Angiosperms A. B. Examples: 1. 2. 3. Seeds are enclosed in an ovary “Naked” seed plants Flowering plants - Anthophytes Seeds are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit Annuals – grow for 1 yr. or less Cycads Ex. Corn, wheat, peas, beans Gentophytes Biennials – grow for 2 yrs. & die Ex. Carrots, beets, turnips Ginkos Perennials – grow for many years Conifers

Angiosperms Monocots Dicots Examples: Examples: _____________________ _______________________ Characteristics: Characteristics: 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. Grass, orchids, lilies, palms Shrubs, trees, cacti, vegetables 1 cotyledon – 1 seed leaf/ food source 2 cotyledons – 2 seed leafs/ food sources Parallel veins Branched netted veins Petals in groups of threes Petals in groups of 4 or 5 Stems - Scattered vascular bundles Stems - Vacular bundles in periphery Roots – xylem forms central star-shaped mass w/ phloem cells between rays Roots – strands of xylems that alternate w/strands of phloem

2 cotyledons Petals in groups of 4 or 5 Branch netted veins Peripheral vascular bundles in stems 1 cotyledon Parallel veins Scattered vascular bundles in stems Petals in groups of 3

Structure of a Flower Anther Stigma Stamen Filament Pistil Ovary Pollen grains Anther Stigma Stamen Filament Style Pistil Ovule Petal Sepal Ovary Receptacle Pedicel

The End.