1 South Carolina Wing Civil Air Patrol Mission Aircrew Course South Carolina Wing Civil Air Patrol Mission Aircrew Course ** Revised Feb TN133/R.Hischke **

2 Form 101 m Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card m CAPR 60-3 NEED GENERAL ES !!! So, you wanna train ??? Administrative Items

3 Mission Scanner Requirements m Trainee 18 years of age minimum Complete on-line CAPT 116, ES/ICS tests m Qualification Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MS Complete ECI 02130A Scanner Course Assist in planning & conducting two sorties Demonstrate knowledge of procedures and plans Recommendation of a qualified Mission Scanner

4 101T Training Requirements m Visual Search Pattern Procedures m Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures m Aircrew Coordination m Flight Line Operations m Survival and First Aid Procedures m Safety m Scanning Techniques and Sighting Characteristics

5 Flight Training/Qualification Requirements m Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Scanner m Demonstrate Thorough Knowledge and Understanding of: Visual Search Pattern Procedures Electronic Search Pattern and Procedures Coordination with Ground Teams/Air-Ground Signals Aircrew Coordination

6 m PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY: Visual Search m Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing, equipment, credentials, etc. m Complete mission paperwork m Attend briefings m Maintain an observer’s log m Conduct the mission as planned m Report observations accurately m Return borrowed or assigned equipment m Complete all post-mission paperwork Scanner Duties

7 Mission Observer Requirements m Trainee Qualified Mission Scanner m Qualification Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MO CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card Complete ECI 02130B Observer Course Plan & conduct two sorties Demonstrate knowledge of Procedures and Plans Recommendation of a qualified Mission Observer

8 Flight Training Requirements m Minimum of two separate sorties as a trainee under the direct supervision of a qualified Mission Observer m Visual and electronic search procedures Visual search patterns as applicable Electronic search with direction finding equipment Electronic search without direction finding equipment m Aircrew coordination m Other search mission procedures

9 m Be prepared to fly the mission — clothing, equipment, credentials, etc. m Complete pre-mission paperwork m Attend briefings m Maintain an observer’s log m Conduct the mission as planned m Advise the mission base of status m Report accurately m Return borrowed or assigned equipment m Complete all paperwork Observer Duties

10 Mission Pilot Requirements m Trainee Qualified Mission Scanner Current CAP Pilot with 175 Hrs. PIC incl. 50 Hrs. X/C Preparatory Training per CAPF 101T-MP m Qualification CAP Radio Operator Authorization Card Complete MISSION AIRCREW Course Fly two separate training sorties Demonstrate capability to fly search patterns Complete evaluation flight check - CAPF 91. Recommendation of a qualified Mission Pilot

11 Radio Operator Authorization Card m CAP Form 76 (ROA) m CAPR Mission Forms

12 Form 101T m Form 101T Specialty Training Forms m CAPR 60-3 m 101T-MS - Mission Scanner m 101T-MO - Mission Observer m 101T-MP - Mission Pilot m etc.

13 Form 101T-MS

14 Form 101T-MO

15 Form 101T-MP

16 Form 101 m Form 101 Specialty Qualification Card m CAPR 60-3

17 Forms 104 and 108 m CAPF 104 Mission Flight Plan / Briefing / Debriefing Form CAPR 60-1 Completed for each mission sortie m CAPF 108 CAP Payment / Reimbursement Document for Aviation / Automotive / Miscellaneous Expenses CAPR Completed for each mission File within 30 days after mission completion Processing may take weeks

18 FAA Flight Plan m FAA Form FAA Form (8-82) CLOSE VFR FLIGHT PLAN WITH ________________FSS ON ARRIVAL U. S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION FLIGHT PLAN TIME STARTEDSPECIALIST INITIALS 1. TYPE VFR IFR DVFR 2. AIRCRAFT IDENTIFICATION 3. AIRCRAFT TYPE/ SPECIAL EQUIPMENT 4. TRUE AIRSPEED KTS 8. ROUTE OF FLIGHT PROPOSED (Z)ACTUAL (Z) 5. DEPARTURE POINT 6. DEPARTURE TIME 7. CRUISING ALTITUDE 9. DESTINATION (Name of airport and city) 10. EST. TIME ENROUTE HOURSMINUTES 12. FUEL ON BOARD HOURS MINUTES 13. ALTERNATE AIRPORT(S) 11. REMARKS 14. PILOTS NAME, ADDRESS, & TELEPHONE NUMBER & AIRCRAFT HOME BASE 17. DESTINATION CONTACT / TELEPHONE (OPTIONAL) 15. NUMBER ABOARD 16. COLOR OF AIRCRAFT CIVIL AIRCRAFT PILOTS, FAR Part 91 requires you file an IFR flight plan to operate under instrument flight rules in controlled airspace. Failure to file could result in a civil penalty not to exceed $1,000 for each violation (Section 901 of the Federal Aviation Act of 1958 as amended (FAA USE ONLY)PILOT BRIEFING STOPOVER VNR

19 Radio Communications & Procedures m There are many radios in aircraft ALL have similar features, tuning, volume, squelch Learn how to operate the radio you will be using m Keep radio transmissions brief and clear Use “Code words” Use “Prowords” Figures Time Phonetic Alphabet

20 m CAPR 60-3 m Ground to Air Signals Size equals visibility Natural materials (contrast is important) Body signals Paulin signals m Air to Ground Signals Aircraft motion Circling and heading Racing the engine Message drop Ground Team Coordination Think BIG!

21 Ground Signals

22 Aircraft Motion Signals YES NO Message received and understood

23 Low Level Navigation THE DANGER m The biggest single problem is crew workload m Your perception of speed varies with altitude SPECIAL ATTENTION m Man-made obstructions m Air crew duties m These items should be covered during the pre-flight briefing.

24 Position Determination m Electronic means Radial and distance (DME) from an identified station Intersection of two radials Intersection of two reverse courses

25 Position Determination m Pilotage Work from larger to smaller Work from a known location to present location Watch the scale on maps Remain suspicious if all points don’t seem to line up right Use groups of 3 characteristics to verify position

26 Pilotage m Get a current chart m Plot course m Choose checkpoints m Enclose the Course m Measure true course m Adjust for magnetic variation m Correct for wind m Note compass deviation 20º 15º10º 5º 0º 5º 10º 15º 20º Agonic Line Easterly VariationWesterly Variation

27 CAP Grid System m Overlays standard sectional maps m Subdivides the map into distinct working areas m Each grid is 1/4° of latitude by 1/4° of longitude and is assigned a number m Grids are further divided into sub-grids labeled A, B, C, and D m Each sectional has a standard for assigning grid numbers — for areas of overlap the grid number of the most westerly chart is used

28 Aeronautical Chart Grid System m Each grid on the sectional is assigned a number m In this example, the grid depicted is numbered 159 m Grids are subdivided into smaller sections m Letters are used to define sub-grids W W N N AB C B C D 159 AA N W W A B C D 159 ADB

29 Standardized Latitude/Longitude Grid System m This system does not require special numbering m Lat-long of lower right corner defines the grid m Letters are used to define sub-grids W W N N AB C B C D 36/102 AA N W W A B C D 36/102 ADB

30 Making Grid Charts m You can use a new sectional — normally not updated unless it gets worn out m Use a hi-lighter (not pink) to mark grid boundaries on the chart using a long ruler m Mark grid identification in black ink for easy visibility m You should always keep a current sectional with you even if you have a sectional which is marked with grids

31 Search Planning & Coverage m Search Involves Estimating the position of the wreck or survivors Determining the area to be searched Selecting the search techniques to be used m Possibility Area Circle around the Last Known Position (LKP) The radius is equal to the endurance of the aircraft Correct for wind m Probability Area Where is the aircraft likely to be

32 Determining the Possibility Area LKP Corrected for wind Wind vector No wind endurance Maximum possibility area Flight level winds: 330/20 Aircraft Speed: 100 Kts Endurance: 2 Hours 200 NM 40NM

33 Probability Area m Where was the last point where RADAR had the aircraft identified? m Is there an ELT? m Was there a flight plan (even if not on file with the FAA)? m Dead reckoning from LKP and heading m Reports of sightings Other aircraft People living along the intended route of flight

34 Narrowing the Probability Area m Flight plan m Weather information m National Track Analysis Program data m Airports along the intended flight track m Aircraft performance m Pilots flying habits m Radar coverage as a limiting factor m Nature of terrain along the flight track m Position reports — fuel stops, etc. m Most likely within 5 miles of intended track

35 Search Priorities m Areas of bad weather m Low clouds and poor visibility m Areas where weather was not as forecast m High terrain m Areas not covered by radar m Reports of low flying aircraft m Survival factors m Radio contacts or MAYDAY calls

36 Search Coverage m Factors which affect detection Weather & lighting conditions Type of Terrain Search Visibility Scanning Range Track Spacing (S) m Determining factors for search area coverage Type and number of aircraft available Search visibility Possibility Area Probability Area m Probability Of Detection (POD)

37 Search Coverage Probability Of Detection (POD) m POD expressed as a “percent” that the search object can be detected m Four interrelated factors used to calculate Track Spacing (S) Search Visibility Search Altitude Type of Terrain m Cumulative POD calculated using a chart m “Effectiveness” must also be considered

38 Search Coverage Probability of Detection Chart

39 Search Coverage 5-10% % % % % % % % % %11-20%21-30%31-40%41-50%51-60%61-70%71-80%80+% POD For This Search Previous POD Cumulative Probability of Detection Chart

40 Emergency Locator Transmitter m Normally set off by the impact of an airplane crash; can be set off by a hard landing-- check before engine shutdown m TSO 91 ELTs are most common MHz 98% of all ELT activations are false alarms m TSO 91A ELTs also available 406 MHz Signal includes registration information Has lower false alarm rate - only 90% Electronic Search Patterns

41 Electronic Search Area of Reception m Line-of-sight ELT signals can be blocked Signal blocked by the curvature of the earth

42 Done using Track Line or Creeping Line pattern m Altitude is normally 5,000 to 10,000 AGL m Use a search pattern assigned by the Mission Coordinator m Track Line (route) search or Creeping Line may be used Path of missing aircraft Search Path Path of missing aircraft

43 Homing with DF Equipment m Direction Finding Equipment for MHz m Use standard homing procedures Determine direction from the needle indications Turn toward the direction indicated by the needle Proceed until you get a strong “crossover” indication Descend if needed to locate the signal m Homing at low altitudes may cause problems due to interference from the ground or man- made obstacles

44 Signal Null Method Signal Heard High Ant Null Low Ant Null High Ant Null No nulls detected at low altitude Null vector from first turn Null Vector from second turn Path of Aircraft

45 Aural Search Pattern Signal faded Signal heard again Signal heard First heading Second heading Third heading Chord 1 Chord 2 Chord 3 Barely audible signal in aircraft receiver at search altitude Commence low altitude search Signal faded again Signal heard again

46 Metered Search First pass- signal detected Signal fades out ELT Second pass -turn to locate ELT

47 Electronic Search Problems m Pattern distortion due to terrain m Signal loss due to terrain m Determination of aural signal m Volume problems Volume control and Squelch Automatic volume controls Individual differences in people m Success requires Equipment Knowledge Practice

48 Visual Search Patterns & Procedures Track Line (Route Search) Track of missing aircraft 1/2 S Track of search aircraft

49 Visual Search Patterns Parallel Track

50 Visual Search Patterns Creeping Line sssss Direction of Search

51 Visual Search Patterns Expanding Square (second pass rotated 45°) 4SS 2S 3S5S 4S 2S 3S 5S

52 Visual Search Patterns Sector Search Sector search is easier to fly than expanding square The pattern provides concentrated coverage near the center of the area This pattern is used when an electronic search has led the crew to a general area to find the exact location visually The pattern and headings are planned in advance S max S mean

53 Visual Search Patterns Contour Search This is a most difficult and dangerous pattern to fly Requires special training Don’t try it when winds or turbulence are bad Watch density altitude Ensure the aircraft has the required performance for the mission

54 Vision Physiology m The maximum visual acuity is a circle 10° in diameter around a fixation point m Dark adaptation requires 30 minutes m At night Use off-center vision Fewer scans Rest between scans m Lighting conditions m Shadows 10 degrees

55 Visual Clues m Light colored or shiny objects m Smoke, fire, blackened areas m Disturbed or discolored foliage m Fresh bare earth m Breaks in cultivated field patterns m Disturbances in water and snow m Birds and animals m Signals and messages

56 Wreckage Patterns m Hole in the ground m Cork screw or auger m Creaming or smear m The four winds m Hedge-trimming m Splash

57 Scanning Technique m Follow a routine pattern m Cover area systematically m Pause to “fix” on a point every 3° to 4° m Cover 10° per second m Lateral pattern m Vertical pattern m Limitations Weather Altitude Windows Focus points Fixation area Farther Nearer

58 Effect of flight path m Movement of the aircraft across the ground can adversely affect coverage

Direction of Flight Aircraft Ground Track Scanning Range 1000’ AGL ( 1/2 - 1 mile ) 500’ AGL (1/4 - 1/2 mile) Scanning from RIGHT REAR Window

Direction of Flight Aircraft Ground Track Scanning Range 1000’ AGL ( 1/2 - 1 mile ) 500’ AGL (1/4 - 1/2 mile) Scanning from the LEFT REAR WINDOW

61 Diagonal Scanning

62 Fighting Fatigue m Change positions every 30 minutes if the size of the aircraft permits m Switch sides of the aircraft m Find a comfortable scanning position m Ensure aircraft windows are clean m Scan through open hatches when possible m Keep inside lighting low to reduce reflections m Only use binoculars to check sightings m Focus on close objects periodically

63 Time conversion m Travel across time zones makes local time difficult to use m Coordinated Universal Time, Greenwich Mean Time, or Zulu time usually used m Conversion factor can be found in flight planning material Flight Planning

64 VFR / IFR Flight Plans m Visual Flight Rules (VFR) VFR flight plans are not required by the FAA, but are highly recommended Minimum weather conditions and clearance from clouds must be observed Pilot assumes complete responsibility to see and avoid other aircraft m Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) IFR flight plan and clearance are required Minimum weather conditions are much lower than VFR Controller assumes responsibility for aircraft separation

65 Preflight Briefing m Mission Objectives m Weather m Search Altitudes m Duties m Emergency procedures

66 Aircrew Coordination m Scanner / Observer qualifications are contained in CAPR 60-3 m Scanner / Observer responsibilities are contained in ECI 2130A & B Course Books Maintain flight log Report observations Use effective scanning techniques

67 Observers Log m Provides a record of the flight Preflight calculations Record of observations m Basis for debriefing m Used to complete CAPF 104 m Information is forwarded to Mission Coordinator to guide mission management m Good logs can be combined from several sorties to give the Mission Coordinator a better picture of how the search is going Observer Log AircraftPilotObserverMissionDate DestinationTotal Dist ETE Remain Takeoff Time ETA ATA Fuel Remain Fuel Inflight Observations Time Observation Departure Pt. Check Points Mag Hdg Dist Ground Speed Ident Freq ETE

68 Team concept and communication m Pay close attention to all briefings m Understand the “big picture” m Watch for task overload in yourself and other crewmembers m 67% of aircraft accidents occur during 17% of the flight time - taxi, takeoff, climb, approach and landing. Keep casual conversation and distractions to a minimum during these phases of flight m Begin critical communication with instructions, then explain

69 Debriefing m Note both Positive and Negative results m Use the back side of CAPF 104 m Used to determine effectivity of the search Weather — shadows, visibility, snow cover Terrain — open flat, mountainous, rough Ground Cover — barren, forest, scrub, sparse, dense Other information — hazards, changes from plan m Used to calculate the “probability of detection” which is used for subsequent search planning

70 Crew Efficiency m Communications m Clock Position High, Low, Level m Maneuvers Straight ahead Stop turn m Small Corrections 5 degrees right 10 degrees left bank m External References

71 Summary m Successful missions hinge on each and every member m Learn how to use the procedures and tools available to you, and use them correctly m Never stop learning m Don’t be afraid to ask questions m Never criticize someone for asking questions m Practice, practice, practice

72 Now, Let’s Go Flying !! ** Revision 2 - Feb TN133/R.Hischke **