Crown Prince Fredrik of Denmark and Crown Princess Victoria of Sweden THE GRAND ROYAL OPENING OF THE ÖRESUND BRIDGE July 1 st 2000 The Region of Scania, Sweden – City of Malmö The Region of Zealand, Denmark – City of Copenhagen The Island Region of Bornholm BORNHOLM Poland Baltic States Sweden Denmark Germany Russia Finland

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK BRIDGE OVER TROUBLED WATERS? The Impacts of Transnational Regionalization in the Öresund Region for the Island of Bornholm or Peter Billing, Ph.D. Director Centre for Regional and Tourism Research Bornholm Denmark & Rachel J.C. Chen, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Department of Consumer Services Management University of Tennessee, USA ISISA CONFERENCE, Kinmen Island, Taiwan Islands of the World VIII ”Changing Islands – Changing Worlds How to Achieve Bridge Effects Without A Bridge

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK OUTLINE 1. THE ISLAND OF BORNHOLM A Short Background 2. THE ÖRESUND REGION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT Regions, Regionalization and Transnational Integration 3. BORNHOLM IN THE ÖRESUND REGION Institutionalisation and Infrastructure 4. BRIDGE EFFECTS WITHOUT A BRIDGE – Case Island Tourism 5. CHANGES AND CHALLENGES IN THE SHADOW OF THE BRIDGE

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK 1.BORNHOLM – A SHORT BACKGROUND Population Size 150 km 2 Sense of Independence and Identity Decades of Decline (from 1980’s) Fishing and Agriculture The Demographic Gap The Bornhholm Deal (1992) The Öresund Bridge (2000) Regional Council (2003) The Enlargement of Europe (2004) BORNHOLM

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK The Single European Act Late 1980’s - The European Regional Development Fund, the European Social Fund and the Agricultural Fund To counter-attack unwanted effects, such as the development and structural adjustment of the regions whose development lagged behind and the conversion of the regions most seriously affected by industrial decline. 2. THE ÖRESUND REGION IN THE EUROPEAN CONTEXT EU & The Regions Regional Charta by the European Parliament Concentration of assistance in the areas of greatest needs. Careful coordination and planning of EU’s attack on regional problems. Partnership between the commission, member state governments, regional and local authorities/organizations

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK Maastricht Treaty The principle of subsidiarity: “A new stage in the process of creating an ever closer union among the peoples of Europe, in which decisions are taken as closely as possible to each citizen” (Article A) Committee of Regions Committee with advisory status consisting of regional and local authorities making them part of the decision-making process – Introduction of the INTERREG-Programme II 2000 – Introduction of the INTERREG-Programme III 2004 – Territorial Cohesion introduced in the new Treaty of EU 2006 – Implementation of new policy for Structural Funding

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK A reciprocal process: … the Regionalisation of Europe … the Europeanisation of the Regions A means to enhance socio-economic restructuring and technological development Regionalization as a General Political Aim A tool for achieving territorial cohesion A coercive logic – ’play by the rules of the regionalisation game’ Transregionalization as a the Ultimate Political Aim Cross-border co-operation Cluster development Trans-national regional integration - INTERREG

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK 3. BORNHOLM IN THE ÖRESUND REGION Establishment of the Öresund Committee 1993 Interreg II/III A Programmes Öresund University Medicon Valley Food Network IT Öresund Bornholm becomes member of the Öresund Committee 1999 Opening of the Öresund Bridge 2000 Opening of train route Copenhagen - Ystad Introduction of fast ferry Ystad/Sweden – Rönne/Bornholm Opening of improved highway E65

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK The CRT Visitor Survey since 1996 – 3000/year Tourism has been an integral part of the Bornholm economy for more than a century Markets linked to the island by proximity; visitors come primarily from Denmark, Germany and Sweden Traditionally a family holiday destination High repeat visitation (79%) 4. BRIDGE EFFECTS WITHOUT A BRIDGE Case: Island Tourism on Bornholm

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% YstadCopenhagenGermanyPolandAir (CPH) ACCESSIBILITY - Routes and means of transport by arrivals

§ Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK Number of Visitors and Residents by Arrivals VisitorsResidents

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% DanmarkForeign ORIGIN – Domestic and Foreign Visitors by Overnight Stays

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK ORIGIN – Nationality of Visitors by Overnight Stays

Seasonality Peter Billing, Centre for Regional & Tourism Research & Rachel J.C. Chen, University of Tennessee Average Length of Stay

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK THE PARADOX Overnight Stays All Accomodations Hotel Overnight Stays in July

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK 5. Changes and Challenges in the Shadow of the Bridge Commuting Attractive place for living, study, doing business and visiting Increasing number of visitors - VFR New markets – customer segments and origin Transport capacity limitations Restrictive Policy and Planning Expensive destination Service quality Basil Fawlty Style Small & Micro Businesses Life style choice rather than an business opportunity Establishing of Creative Entrepreneurs in Arts & Crafts Destination Bornholm

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK CENTRE FOR REGIONAL & TOURISM RESEARCH Peter Billing Rachel J.C. Chen

Peter Billing & Rachel J.C. Chen CENTRE FOR REGIONAL AND TOURISM RESEARCH, DENMARK