20th Century Architecture

Surge in the Construction Industry Huge Growth in American Cities Better Building Materials Characteristics

Louis Sullivan One of the earliest architects to use steel construction Carson Pirie Scott Department Store 1901, Chicago Carson Pirie Scott Department Store 1901, Chicago “Form Follows Function” Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau. The beginning of modern architecture. Stark Simplicity against Art Nouveau. The beginning of modern architecture.

Frank Lloyd Wright Developed his own style of Architecture disregarding conventional construction Sought to establish a compatible relationship between a structure and its location.

Robie House “Cornerstone of Modern Architecture” - Wright Cantilevered Roofs - seem to float without wall supports. 1909, Chicago

Cantilever Cantilever -A horizontal projection, canopy, balcony or beam balanced and supported with a fulcrum.

One room flowed into another space separated by partial walls. Japanese Influences

Kaufmann House (Falling Water) Bear Run, Pennsylvania 1936 Cantilevered terraces seem to stretch out over a stream and waterfall echo the form and color of the natural rock terraces below.

Guggenheim Museum The inverted ziggurat dispensed with the conventional approach to museum design.

Wright whisked people to the top of the building via elevator, proceeding downward at a leisurely pace on the gentle slope of a continuous ramp.

The International Style Emerged in Germany, Holland, and France Forerunner to Contemporary Architecture. Eliminated Ornamentation Prohibited the use of natural materials. Sought to produce a structure that appeared light in weight

Influences of the International Style Cubism Frank Lloyd Wright Di Stijl (The Style) a group of abstract painters with Piet Mondrian Composition 1923

The Bauhaus Walter Gropius took over an Art school in Germany He moved the school from Weimar to Deessau and designed the new buildings himself using the International Style.

Ludwig Mies van der Rohe Came from Germany. Settled in Chicago. Made major contributions to the architectural philosophies of the late 1920’s and 1930s.

Mies attempted to create contemplative, neutral spaces through an architecture based on material honesty and structural integrity.

“Less is More”

Lakeshore Drive Apartments Set at right angles to each other to allow the most light to strike each apartment. Prime examples of the International Style 1951

Le Corbusier Notre-Dame-du-Haut 1955 Rochamp, France Swiss born Architect - grew up on the International Style. Was one of the first to abandon it after the war. Used irregular shapes. Reinforced concrete was his favorite construction material

Instead of rectilinear geometrics, his architecture is more “primitive” and sculptural.

I.M. Pei

National Gallery of Art, 1978 Solid faceted planes outside, open to expansive interior.

The Louvre entrance 1989

United States Steele Corporation 1970 Pittsburgh Wallace K. Harrison Max Abramovitz Form follows function Exterior use of Cor-Ten steel. Forms a protective coating as it rusts (oxidizes)

Philip Johnson Influential through several periods of American Architecture. Combined historically important details with contemporary materials and design

Philip Johnson/ John Burgee Architectural Firms today are built around two or more architects. Using different solutions for different clients These guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s Architectural Firms today are built around two or more architects. Using different solutions for different clients These guys joined forces and developed the “late modern” style of the ‘70s Penzoil Place, 1976, Houston Departure form the usual glass box.

Post Modernism Architecture Against Modernism Architects have shunned the glass box ideal Emphasis on Diversity

John Burgee Architects WITH Philip Johnson Pink granite building topped with a broken pediment 1985 AT & T Corporate Headquarters (Renamed Sony Plaza in 1990)

PPG Place Gothic style tower in glass Reflection of the company’s principle product and its longevity in the industry. Monolithic stone construction to glass 1984

Frank O. Ghery and Associates California Aerospace Museum Angles and planes imply dynamic motion and energy Buildings are designed to capture the essence of their purpose.

Review Form Follows Function Frank Lloyd Wright The International Style Less is Mo’ - Mies van der Roh Phillip Johnson Post Modernism

Oil pastel perspective drawing FOLLOWING DIRECTIONS - 50 points Drawing must include architectural elements or buildings - 10 points Drawing must be adapted from a photographic (not a drawing or illustration) reference for inspiration - turned in with final drawing - 10 points Drawing must contain a foreground, middle ground, and background element(s) - 30 points First create a thumbnail drawing or plan for your oil pastel drawing - 10 points DESIGN - 20 points Create a clear example of 1, 2, or 3 point perspective Use a variety of mixed colors - 10 points Fill the page with strong positive and negative spaces points CRAFTSMANSHIP - 10 points A neat and clean piece with attention to detail your name is written on the back of your drawing TIME ON TASK - 20 points