Introduction to Human Movement

Aim of the session To introduce the skeletal system To classify bones To introduce the anatomy of a joint To understand how soft tissue is connected to the skeletal system To know the classification of joints To know scientific terminology when understanding movement around a joint.

Skeletal system The body consists of 206 bones…how many of these can you name?

The function of the skeletal system Protection The bones protect vital organs such as the brain, heart and lungs. Movement The skeletal system support the muscles so the body can move. Support The skeletal system supports the soft tissue, without it we would be mush.

The function of the skeletal system Shape Our gate and posture is determined by the shape of our skeleton. Making blood cells Long bones harvest bone marrow, blood cells are made from the blood marrow.

Basic anatomy of a bone All bones begin as cartilage in the womb but gradually turn into bone through a process called OSSIFICATION. Bones have a tough outer layer called the PERIOSTEUM, why do you think this is? Inside the bone mainly consists of SPONGY BONE making the bone light but strong, why is this a good thing?

Diagram showing the anatomy of a bone

The classification of bones Long bones Femur, humorous, tibia, fibula Short bones Carpals, tarsals, wrist bones, ankle bones Flat bones Skull, patella Irregular bones Vertebrae, pelvis

Variations of joints Joints are constructed when two bones meet There are three types of joints you need to know: FIXED, IMMOVABLE JOINTS SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINTS FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS

Fixed joints Certain joints in the body are not allowed to move due to vulnerability to injury. These joints are evident in anatomical positions that require a lot of protection. TRY AND THINK OF AN IMMOVABLE JOINT?

Slightly moveable joints These joints are allowed to move, but only to a certain degree. Each of the bones rest on a cushion of cartilage. The sections of the bone are allowed to move but are restricted by ligaments. TRY ANE THINK WHERE YOU MIGHT SEE A SLIGHTLY MOVEABLE JOINT IN THE BODY?

Freely movable joints These joints are totally moveable, they have very little restrictions and a high Range Of Motion around joints. Sometimes called synovial joints because they contain a synovial fluid inside a pocket called the synovial membrane. The synovial membrane lubricates the joint minimising friction. TRY AND THINK OF TWO FREELY MOVEABLE JOINTS?

Classification of joints Ball and socket joint Located in the hip and shoulder The joint can move in all directions Hinge joint Located in the elbow and knee The joint can move backwards and forwards, but not side to side Condyloid joint Located in the wrist Can move forward, backward, side to side, but not rotation

Classification of joints Pivot joint Located in the superior section of the spine. The joint only allows rotation. Gliding joint Located in the tarsels and carpels. Joint can move in all directions.

Classification of joint movement Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Rotation

Flexion and Extension

Abduction and Adduction

Rotation

Connective tissue Cartilage Ligaments Tendons Found at the end of bones, stops bones rubbing together Ligaments Connects bone to bone supporting joints Tendons Attaches to the skeletal system allowing the limb to move through the sliding filament theory

Warm-up questions How many bones are there in the human body? What are the functions of the skeletal system? What is the anatomical name for the thigh bone? In joints, what is the name of the cushioning pad to stop friction? What movement does a hinge joint allow? What are the classifications of bones?

Extended reading GCSE Physical education; complete revision and practice. www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/pe