LECTURE NOTES IN ANATOMY PHARMACY STUDENTS REV. PROFESSOR SETH AYETTEY OCTOBER 2012

OBJECTIVES OF LECTURE KNOW THE HEART AND VESSELS ASSOCIATED UNDERSTAND THE FUNCTION OF THE HEART KNOW ABOUT SYSTEMIC AND PULMONARY CIRCULATION KNOW THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF VESSELS KNOW THE FACTORS THAT REGULATE BLOOD FLOW APPRECIATE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

MAJOR CIRCULATIONS PULMONARY CIRCULATION FOR GASEOUS EXCHANGE BEGINS AT RIGHT ATRIUM ENDS AT LEFT ATRIUM PRINCIPAL VESSELS SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS TO ALL TISSUES RETURN OF BLOOD FROM ALL TISSUES PRINCIPAL VESSELS

FUNCTIONAL LINKS PULMONARY SYSTEM LIVER AND GASTRO-INTESTINAL SYSTEM THE NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM MUSCULO-SKELETAL SYSTEM RENAL SYSTEM THE INTEGUMENT (SKIN) RETICULO-ENDOTHELIA AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

DEFINITION OF ARTERIES AND VEINS ARTERIES – TRANSPORT BLOOD AWAY FROM THE HEART VEINS – TRANSPORT BLOOD TOWARDS THE HEART NOTE THAT DEFINITION IS NOT BY BLOOD THEY CARRY BUT BY THEIR RELATION TO THE HEART

FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS 1 PULMONARY GASEOUS EXCHANGE LOW PRESSURE SYSTEM DOUBLE CIRCULATION GASTROINTESTINAL ABSORPTION OF PRODUCTS OF DIGESTION PORTAL VENOUS SYSTEM HEPATIC (LIVER) DOUBLE CIRCULATION

FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS 2 KIDNEYS FUNCTIONS PH WATER/ELECTROLYTES PRESSURE REGULATION ERYTHROPOETIN CALCIUM REGULATION GLOMERULAR APPARATUS

FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS 2 KIDNEYS FUNCTIONS PH WATER/ELECTROLYTES PRESSURE REGULATION ERYTHROPOETIN GLOMERULAR APPARATUS

FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS 3 BRAIN CIRCULATION BYPASS SYSTEM CEREBROSPINAL FLUID SUPPORT BRAIN PROTECT BRAIN

FUNCTIONAL SPECIALIZATIONS 4 LYMPHATICS TRANSPORTATION OF CELLS OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM TRANSPORTATION OF ANTIBODIES LYMPHATIC VESSELS/ENDING IN VENOUS SYSTEM LYMPH NODES SPLEEN

THE HEART AND ITS CHAMBERS SIZE, POSITION, COVERINGS OF THE HEART THE CHAMBERS OF THE HEART RIGHT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM AND VENTRICLE PULMONARY CIRCULATION SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION FUNCTIONAL ASPECTS OF CIRCULATION DISTRIBUTION OF NUTRIENTS TO TISSUES REABSORTION OF ESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES ELIMINATION OF WASTE PRODUCTS OTHERS - DISCUSS HOMEOSTASIS

SIZE, SHAPE AND FEATURES OF HEART 12 CM FROM APEX TO BASE 8-9CM INFERIOR BORDER 300GM WEIGHT OBLIQUELY PLACED APEX: LEFT AND INFERIOR BASE: RIGHT AND SUPERO/POSTERIOR

CHAMBERS OF THE HEART RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT VENTRICLE LEFT ATRIUM LEFT VENTRICLE

FEATURES OF RIGHT ATRIUM RIGHT BORDER OF THE HEART EMBRYONIC ORIGINS (SMOOTH AND ROUGH PARTS) CRISTA TERMINALIS INTER-ATRIAL SEPTUM – FOSSA OVALIS/LIMBUS SUPERIOR VENA CAVA, INFERIOR AND CORONARY SINUS OPENINGS; VENAE CORDEA MINIM RIGHT ATRIO- VENTRICULAR ORIFICE AND TRICUSPID VALVE

FEATURES OF RIGHT VENTRICLE 2 SEPTO-MARGINAL TRABECULAE (MODERATOR BAND) CORDAE TENDINAE INFUNDIBULUM PULMONARY ORIFICE PULMONARY CUSPS TWO ANTERIOR ONE POSTERIOR

FEATURES OF LEFT VENTRICLE THICK WALL (3 X THAT OF RIGHT VENTRICLE OF 3-5CM) LEFT BORDER OF THE HEART RADIOLOGICALLY APEX OF HEART INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM OUTFLOW VALVE (AORTIC VALVE) ANTERIOR CUSP (NB: ORIGIN OF RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SINUS) RIGHT POSTERIOR LEFT POSTERIOR CUSPS (NB: ORIGIN OF LEFT CORONARY ARTERY ASSOCIATED WITH THE SINUS

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 1 ARTERIES (DEFINITION) LARGE ARTERIES MEDIUM ARTERIES SMALL ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VEINS (DEFINITION) VENULES LARGE VEINS VENOUS VALVES FACTORS AFFECTING VENOUS DRAINAGE

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM- PRINCIPAL ARTERIES AND VEINS

BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEM ORGANISATION OF BLOOD VESSELS ARTERIES ARTERIOLES CAPILLARIES VEINSVENULES

VEINS MUSCULOVENOUS PUMP VARICOSE VEINS VENAE COMITANTES PORTAL VEINS VENOUS PLEXUS

THE VASCULAR SYSTEM 2 LYMPHATICS (DEFINITION) LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES AFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS EFFERENT LYMPH VESSELS LYMPH NODES LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE REGULATION OF BLOOD FLOW AUTONOMIC SYSTEM ROLE OF THE ARTERIOLE ROLE OF POSTURE

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

THE IMPULSE GENERATING AND CONDUCTING SYSTEM THE SINU ATRIAL NODE LOCATION BLOOD SUPPLY THE ATRIO VENTRICULAR NODE LOCATION BLOOD SUPPLY THE AV BUNDLE AND BRANCHES THE PURKINJE FIBER SYSTEM AUTONOMIC REGULATION OF

REGULATION PRESSURE RECEPTORS CAROTIDS ARCH OF AORTA ATRIA CHEMO RECEPTORS CAROTID BODY – CO2; O2; PH ATRIAL NATRIURETIC HORMONE REGULATION OF SODIUM AND WATER LEVELS SYMPATHETIC SYSTEM - VASOCONSTRICTION

THE IMPULSE GENERATING AND CONDUCTING SYSTEM SINU-ATRIAL NODE (LOCATION) ATRIO- VENTRICULAR NODE (LOCATION) AV BUNDLE (OF HIS) RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCH LEFT BUNDLE BRANCH

BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE HEART AND VESSELS THE CORONARY ARTERIES CORONARY ARTERY CIRCULATION REGULATION OF ARTERIAL ANASTOMOSIS VENOUS DRAINAGE VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS VASA VASORIA AUTONOMIC REGULATION

BLOOD SUPPLY/ VENOUS DRAINAGE RIGHT CORONARY ARTERY LEFT CORONARY ARTERY CORONARY SINUS GREAT CARDIAC VEIN (ANTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR) MIDDLE CARDIAC VEIN (POSTERIOR INTERVENTRICULAR) SMALL CARDIAC VEIN (MARGINAL ARTERY)

CLINICAL ASPECTS - 1 CORONARY INSUFFICIENCY HIGH CHOLESTEROL AORTIC VALVE DISEASES MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION HYPERTENSION ATRIAL AND VENTRICULAR FIBRILATION HEART BLOCK HEART FAILURE CARDIOMEGALY

CLINICAL ASPECTS 2 ARTERIAL PULSES RATE, RHYTHM, VOLUME OEDEMA VASCULAR SYSTEMIC PULMONARY LYMPHATIC VENOUS VARICOSITIES ATHEROSCLEROSIS ISCHAEMIA TISSUE NECROSIS GANGRENE

VEINS MUSCULOVENOUS PUMP VARICOSE VEINS VENAE COMITANTES PORTAL VEINS VENOUS PLEXUS