Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–1 Part two The parties CHAPTER SIX EMPLOYEE REPRESENTATION: TRADE UNIONS
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–2 Overview What do unions do? Union structures Origins and evolution of Australian unions Why employees join unions Explaining declining union density Strategies for union renewal Female representation in unions Final observations Summary
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–3 What do unions do? Definition of a trade union: a continuous association of wage earners for the purpose of maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment (Webb and Webb 1894 : 1).
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–4 Role and influence: –collective voice of employees at the workplace and other levels –political/social lobbyist –revolutionary role –criticised as being anti-market. What do unions do?
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–5 There are three main aspects of union structure: 1.the shape of individual unions 2.internal governance structures within these individual unions 3.the external affiliations and alliances that individual unions enter on a geographic or industry basis. Union structures
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–6 Union structures (cont.) The shape of unions The most common categorisation of unions according to their membership base: 1.‘craft/occupational unions’: work in the same craft or occupations but in different industries first to emerge 2.‘industry unionism’: work in the same industry but doing different crafts/work public sector.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–7 Union structures (cont.) The shape of unions (cont.) The most common categorisation of unions according to their membership base (cont.): 3.‘company/enterprise unions’: restrict membership to employees of one company rare in English-speaking countries common in Asia, especially Japan 4.‘general/conglomerate unions’: allow anyone to join regardless of job or industry AWU.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–8 Union structures (cont.) Internal governance structures Concerned with the processes by which decisions about policy and actions are made within unions: –usually formal mechanisms by which members participate in union affairs. Two common features of union structure: 1.usually four levels in the decision-making structure of a union 2.distinction between ‘rank and file’ members. Unions workplace tasks are often undertaken by committees: –usually in multi-union worksites.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–9 Union structures (cont.) Internal governance structures (cont.) Unions usually affiliates with larger bodies: –labour councils –ACTU –AMA/other.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–10 Origins and evolution of Australian unions Long history—existed in Australia for more than 150 years. 1800s–1890 First mutual benefit societies formed from skilled artisans. ‘Unions’ emerged from those societies. Permanency achieved in 1850s. Key unions formed: – mining – maritime – pastoral.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–11 Unions were in a strong position by the end of 1880s. Depression and strikes between 1890–1894 destroyed trade unions. Formation of Australian Labor Party (ALP) in early 1890s. Origins and evolution of Australian unions (cont.) 1890–1900
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–12 Conciliation and Arbitration Act of 1904 Unions prospered: –‘right not might’ concept cemented under law –grew rapidly in number and membership. Emergence of Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and state branches. Origins and evolution of Australian unions (cont.) 1900–1989
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–13 Changing conditions: – socially – economically – politically. Origins and evolution of Australian unions (cont.) 1990s–2000s
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–14 Why employees join unions Crouch 1982: –dissatisfaction with economic aspects of the job –a desire to influence aspects of work environment through a union –benefits of unionism outweighs costs.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–15 Why employees join unions (cont.) Various reasons for union membership: –‘instrumental’ considerations –‘ideological’ beliefs –‘normative’ pressures. Most Australians join because of instrumental considerations.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–16 Explaining declining union density Why is union density declining? – Changing composition of employment. – Economic factors. – Changing popularity of unions. – Role of management. – Government policies. – Union policies and structures.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–17 Explaining declining union density (cont.) Changing composition of employment Growth in services sector. Part-time, casual workers. Self-employment. Public-/private-sector shifts. Size of the workplace. Young workers.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–18 Unemployment. ACTU/ALP Accord reduced the influence of individual unions and their members. All workers received the same benefits whether they were union members or not: –tax reductions –guaranteed wage increases –superannuation. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Economic factors
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–19 Unions seen as being too powerful by some. Poor public image. Importance of image of unions among members more important than among community members. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Changing popularity of unions
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–20 1.Polices aimed at replacing union role in the workplace: – enhanced communications – involvement in decision making – employee shareholding schemes. 2.Strategies aimed at isolating unions: – restricting access to employees – denying unions a role in wages/conditions setting. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Role of management
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–21 3.Management tactics aimed at reducing union membership: – additional incentives to employees – greater level of formal internal communication channels – job satisfaction – individual contracts. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Role of management (cont.)
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–22 Introduction of individual contracts. Prohibition of compulsory unionism and preference to unionists. Reduction of authority of arbitration tribunals. More difficult procedures for union rights of entry. New and increased penalties for industrial action. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Government policies
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–23 Union structures and policies may have contributed to membership decline. Amalgamation exercise: –unions became too big and less democratic. Accord may have alienated union members: –unions became mechanisms of government and allied to employers –showed up flaws in union structure. Explaining declining union density (cont.) Union policies and structures
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–24 Strategies for union renewal Amalgamation and rationalisation History of amalgamation: –300 unions into 17 broad industry groupings –greater utilisation of resources –50 unions affiliated with ACTU in Amalgamation strategy’s limited success: –has reduced number of unions and increased efficiencies –may have reduced union membership.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–25 Strategies for union renewal (cont.) Recruitment of members Lack of a ‘recruitment culture’. Emphasis on day-to-day matters rather than planning. Strategies for union renewal: – Organising Works program (1995): Organising model vs servicing model. – activism resources put where jobs are growing greater use of technology campaign strategies. – Future strategies: Unions for a fairer society.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–26 Mixed results: – has not reversed the decline in union membership – improved financial revenue for unions – improved many unions that have an organising culture (but not all) – increased range of services offered by unions. Most unions still concentrate their efforts on grievance resolution (reactive) rather than recruitment (pro-active). Strategies for union renewal (cont.) Recruitment of members (cont.)
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–27 Female representation in unions The typical female employee is less likely to be unionised than the typical male employee. –Possible explanations: unions slow to recognise concerns of women women tend to be employed in workplaces that are difficult to organise labour-market issues (concentrated in unskilled work) part-time/casual nature of work held by women under-represented in ACTU and in senior union roles child bearing and rearing duties perception of unions—not encouraging female participation.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–28 Female representation in unions (cont.) The typical female employee is less likely to be unionised than the typical male employee (cont.). –Possible remedies: need to encourage more women to become officials— this can be done by: changing selection criteria to reflect reality changing meeting times introducing quotas for women.
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–29 Unions are important mechanisms for the articulation and representation of employee interests: – structures and behaviours vary widely. Australian trade unions were major beneficiaries of the conciliation and arbitration system: – but limited workplace organisation. Decline in union membership in 1980s onwards: – adoption of new strategies for recruitment and organisation from 1990s – unclear yet as to whether these strategies are working. Final observations
Copyright 2005 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd PowerPoint Slides t/a Industrial Relations 3e by Bray, Deery, Walsh and Waring 6–30 Summary Primary purpose of unions is to protect and improve the wellbeing of members: – critics see unionism as unfair monopolies, preventing the operation of the labour market – supporters see unions as a corrective to the power of employers. Majority of union members were, historically, older males, but females are now represented in near equal numbers. Marked decline in union membership over recent years due to a number of factors. This is being addressed by: – union amalgamations – provision of better services to existing members – greater emphasis on recruitment.