Sandia is a multi-program laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company, for the United States Department of Energy’s National Nuclear Security Administration under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

3 “Safety in Academic Laboratories, Vol.1 & 2,” American Chemical Society, Washington DC, 2003, also available online: e&_pageLabel=PP_SUPERARTICLE&node_id=2230&use_ sec=false&sec_url_var=region1&__uuid=ef91c89e- 8b83-43e6-bcd0-ff5b9ca0ca33 “Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals,” National Academy Press, 1995, also available online:

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5 ‣ ‣ The control of exposure to potentially hazardous substances to attain an acceptably low risk of exposure

6 – Hazard – the potential to harm Risk : the probability that harm will result Chemical Laboratory Safety

7 ‣ Chemical hazards dusts, fumes, mists, vapors, gases ‣ Physical hazards fire, electrical, radiation, pressure vibration, temperatures, noise ‣ Ergonomic hazards repetitive motion (pipetting), lifting, work areas (computers, instruments) ‣ Biological hazards pathogens, blood or body fluids Chemical Laboratory Hazards

8 Chemical Laboratory Safety based on the principle of Industrial Hygiene ‣ The anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of health hazards in the work environment to protect workers health and well-being and to safeguard the community and the environment

9 Industrial Hygiene Principles Anticipation Recognition Evaluation Control Chemical hazards Physical hazards Ergonomic hazards Biological hazards Chemical Laboratory Safety

10 Safety First ! To consider safety in the beginning is: … and it saves you time ! Easier, Cheaper, Safer,

11 Advance Experiment Planning: Outline proposed experiment Acquire safety information (M)SDS, REACH Consult with CSSO?

12 Risk Analysis  Which chemicals?  How much?  Special equipment needed?  Who does the work?  Staff properly trained?  Can the experiment go wrong?  Do you have an emergency plan?

13 Types of lab hazards: chemical toxicity fire / explosion physical hazards biohazards radiation special substances

14 What are the anticipated risks? Are the equipment & facilities adequate? Are staff properly and sufficiently trained? Risks if experiment goes wrong? Is there a plan for this?

15 How are the risks controlled? ‣ Engineering controls: enclosure / isolation ventilation / hoods ‣ Emergency Plan ‣ Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

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17 ‣ Acute (short term, poisons, asthmagens) Cyanide strychnine ‣ Chronic (long term, carcinogens, reproductive) vinyl chloride (liver cancer) asbestos (mesothelioma, lung cancer) thalidomide (developmental birth defects)

18 Routes of Exposure Breathing Zone Inhalation* Absorption Ingestion Injection * Most important route of entry Eyes

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20 ‣ Moving unguarded parts, pinches vacuum pump belts ‣ Broken glassware and sharps, cuts ‣ Pressure apparatus ‣ Vacuum containers ‣ Dewar flasks ‣ High voltage equipment ‣ Computer workstations ‣ Slips, trips & falls

21 ‣ ‣ Blood borne pathogens AIDS, HIV, hepatitis, clinical chemistry labs ‣ Recombinant DNA Genetic engineering, cloning ‣ Work with animals Zoonoses diseases from animals Biohazards

22 ‣ Ionizing Radiation: alpha , beta  gamma  X-rays, neutrons ‣ Radioactive isotopes: tritium, H-3, carbon, C-14, sulfur, S-35,phosphorus, P- 32/33, iodine, I-135

23 Non-Ionizing Radiation: ‣ Ultraviolet (UV spectrometers) ‣ Magnetic (NMR, MRI) ‣ Microwave (Heart pacemaker hazard) ‣ Lasers (eye protection required) Radiation Hazards

24 ‣ Controlled Substances: regulated drugs, psychotropic (hallucinogenic) substances, heroin ‣ Highly Toxic Chemicals: nerve gas, phosgene, riot control agents, chemical warfare agents

25 ‣ Administrative practices organizational policies ‣ Operational practices work practices ‣ Engineering controls ventilation, barriers

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27 ‣ ‣ Have a Safety Manual Never work alone, especially after hours. Specify when eye protection & PPE is required. Specify operations that require hood use. Specify required training. No mouth pipetting. No long hair or dangling attire. Lab Safety Policies

28  No eating, drinking, smoking in laboratories  Label all chemical containers  Label refrigerators, No Food  Label explosion safe refrigerators  Require periodic fire drills Lab Safety Policies

29 Safe Laboratory Procedures: ‣ Packages opened only in labs, not receiving ‣ Receiving staff trained to look for signs of breakage and/or leaking shipments ‣ Receiving area has spill kits ‣ Mailroom/receiving alert for suspicious shipments Operational Practices

30 Use hoods properly: ‣ Work 6” (15 cm) in from sash ‣ In center of hood ‣ Work with hood sash at ~18” (45 cm) high ‣ Close sash when not in use ‣ Don’t use for storage

31 SOURCE RECEIVER PATHWAY Engineering Controls

32 Engineering Controls 1. Change the process eliminate the hazard 2. Substitution non-hazardous substance for hazardous (e.g. - toluene for benzene)

33 3. Isolate or enclose the process or worker Use a barrier 4. Ventilation Dilution (general ventilation) - Not good Local exhaust ventilation (LEV) - Preferred

34 ‣ Properly functioning & used correctly! ‣ Laboratory hoods and ventilation are the basis of engineering controls.

35 Must be used and maintained properly.

36 ‣ Local exhaust ventilation includes: snorkels

37 Local exhaust ventilation includes: vented enclosures

38 Engineering Controls ‣ Local exhaust includes: special containment devices (e.g. - glove boxes)

39 Engineering Controls ‣ Local exhaust includes: special containment devices (e.g. - isolation chambers)

40 Hood exhaust should not be blocked or deflected downward, but should exhaust straight up Engineering Controls

41 ‣ PPE includes: eye protection, gloves, laboratory coats. etc., respirators, appropriate foot protection

42 Emergency Planning & Response ‣ Have routine, unannounced evacuation drills. ‣ Designate a person for each area to ensure that inner rooms are evacuated. ‣ Locate outside staging areas at sufficient distance from the building. ‣ Test and maintain alarms. ‣ Post a person to meet/direct emergency vehicles.

43 ‣ Post each room with: Emergency phone numbers After hour phone numbers Person(s) to be contacted Alternate person(s) Unique procedures to be followed