DAIRY INDUSTRY/ DAIRY SCIENCE “INTRODUCTION TO THE DAIRY INDUSTRY”

OBJECTIVES 1. The student will discuss the historical development of the dairy industry. 2. The student will explain the importance of the dairy industry in California and the United States.

I.Introduction to the Dairy Industry

A. History of the Dairy Industry 1611 – Cows first arrive in the U.S. at the Jamestown Colony in Virginia – Cows reach the Plymouth Colony – First regular shipment of milk by rail – Orange County to New York City – Beginning of Pasteur experimentation.

1857 – Gail Borden received first patent on condensed milk from both U.S. and England – Continuous centrifugal cream separator invented by Dr. Gustav De Laval – Milk bottle invented by Dr. Hervey D. Thatcher, Potsdam, New York – Automatic bottle filler and capper patented – Tuberculin testing of dairy herds introduced. Test for fat content of milk and cream perfected by Dr. S.M. Babcock.

1891 – Certified milk originated by Dr. Henry L. Coit in Essex County, New Jersey – Commercial pasteurizing machines introduced – First compulsory pasteurization law (Chicago) applying to all milk except that from tuberculin tested cows – Automatic rotary bottle filler and capper perfected – Tank trucks first used for transporting milk

1919 – Homogenized milk sold successfully in Torrington, Connecticut – Ways of increasing Vitamin D in milk made practicable – First plastic coated paper milk cartons introduced commercially – Fluid milk included in Army ration – First farm bulk tanks for milk begin to replace milk cans – Every-other-day milk delivery started (initially as a war conservation measure).

1946 – Vacuum pasteurization method perfected – Ultra-high temperature pasteurization is introduced – Milk vending machines win place in distribution – Flavor control equipment for milk is introduced commercially – Plastic milk container introduced commercially 1967 – Non-dairy milk substitutes introduced in several markets.

1968 – Official acceptance of electronic testing for milk fat content – Nutrition labeling of fluid milk products – Metric measurement equivalent introduced – American Dairy Association launches the national introduction of the “Real” ® Seal dairy symbol – UHT (ultra high temperature) milks gain national recognition.

1983 – Creation of National Dairy Promotion and Research Board – Lower fat dairy products gain widespread acceptance. Low fat plus skim milk sales exceed whole milk sales for first time – Mandatory animal drug residue testing program established – Bovine Somatotropin approved for commercial use in U.S – Launch of processor-funded milk mustache advertising campaign.

B. Economic Importance to Agriculture 1. $27,367,858,000 of Cash Receipts from Farm Marketings of Dairy Products in 2004 in the US. ($21,238,737,000 in 2003, $20,582,238,000 in 2002, $24,709,749,000 in 2001) 2. Leading Agriculture Commodity in California a. Milk – $5,226,738,000 in 2005 $5,351,273,000 in 2004 $4,039,818,000 in 2003 $3,835,347,000 in 2002 b. The amount is out of a total of approximately $40 billion in Total Agriculture Products. c. This is approximately 13% of the total value of all agriculture products produced in CA.

3. Leading States in Total Milk Produced (2005). a. California37,564,000,000 pounds b. Wisconsin22,866,000,000 pounds c. New York12,078,000,000 pounds d. Pennsylvania10,503,000,000 pounds e. Idaho10,161,000,000 pounds 4. Leading States in Total Cow Numbers a. California1,755,0001,725,0001,325,000 + b. Wisconsin1,236,0001,241,0001,393,000 - c. New York 648, , ,000 - d. Pennsylvania 561, , ,000 - e. Idaho 455, ,000 + Unites States 9,041,000 9,010,000 9,252,000 + These five states produce approximately 53% of the total milk producing in the U.S.

5. Leading states in Pounds of Milk Produced per Cow in a. Washington23,270Pounds/Cow+ b. Arizona22,957Pounds/Cow+ c. Colorado22,577Pounds/Cow+ d. Idaho22,332 Pounds/Cow + e. Nevada21,680Pounds/Cow+ f. California21,404 Pounds/Cow+ g. U.S. Average19,576 Pounds/Cow+ California: 21,404 lbs./cow / 305 day lactation = 70.2 lbs./day 70.2 lbs./cow/day/8.6 lbs./gallon = 8.16 gallons/day

Leading Counties in California Milk Produced Number Number Avg. # of Total of cowsof Dairies Cows/Dairy Milk (lbs.) A. Tulare 451, ,632,714,000 B. Merced 239, ,966,388,000 C. Stanislaus 183, ,835,654,000 D. Kings 155, ,225,096,000 E. Kern 138, ,976,408,000 F. San Bernardino 114, ,395,609,000 G. Fresno 112, ,362,547,000 H. San Joaquin 105, ,223,457,000 California 1,757,661 2, ,564,000,000 These counties accounted for 84% of California’s total milk production!

C. Past, Present and Future Trends in the Dairy Industry 1. Dairy changes of the last years. a. Automatic Take-Off Milk Machines. b. No grain inside the milk barn. c. Outside feeding only – TMR – Total Mix Rations. d. Feed wagon mixers and distribution. e. Ultra-Filtration (50% of water removed). f. Ag Bags for silage and other feed. g. Freestall barns and Automatic Flush.

h. Flushing cows for embryos. i. Embryo Transfer. j. Foggers for hot days. k. Solids Separator. l. Calf pens with slats and automatic flush. m. Commodity feeding. n. Manure lagoons. o. Heat synchronization. p. Embryo Transfer. q. Back0flush Milking Machines.

r. Cheese Plant numbers increase. s. BST – Bovine Somatotropin Hormone t. Sexing semen. u. Sexing embryos v. Freezing Embryos w. Pregnancies Resulting from Embryos. x. Maternity Pens. y. Records and milk weights on computer. z. California #1 in Total Milk Produced.

2. Changes on the forefront of the Dairy Industry. a. Double-Deck Milk Barns b. Robot milking machines c. Heat detection linked to a computer. d. Computer chip implanted under the skin of a cow. e. Increase in the Jersey Numbers. f. Fewer Bulls to select from. g. Artificial Insemination Studs numbers down to 6-10 h. Increased use of pregnancies resulting from frozen embryos.

i. Cloning embryos (Mass Production) j. Sexing Semen (More Accurately) k. 1% - 2% of cows used for future genetics. l. Cow numbers to remain about the same. m. Increased use of computers. n. Gene splicing. o. Grade B milk to be terminated. p. Water quality to be a big issue. q. Number of cows per acre a factor. r. Waste Disposal to be addressed. s. Air Quality Restrictions tighter. t. Gene Identification (More Accurately) u. More Freestall operations. v. Continued Improvements in Dairy Nutrition.

D. Milk and By-Product Consumption and Trends 1. Changed in consumption of milk/milk products over the past 20 years.

E. Milk/Dairy Facts 1. Most dairymen milk twice per day however there is more of a trend to milk three times per day. 2. Standard lactation of a diary cow is measured based on a 305-day lactation. 3. Cow numbers in 1950 were 24,000,000 with production about 5,000 lbs./lactation or 16 lbs./day or 1.9 gallons/day. 4. The milk price in 1985 was $13.50/cwt. Today the milk price is $11.10/cwt. Or about $.95/gallon. 5. The retail price of milk today is approximately $2.89 per gallon.

F. Stanislaus County Dairy Information 1. Number 3 ranked county in California (-4) herds…average of 599 (+25) cows. 3. Approximately 183,762 (+5340) cows. 4. Culling rate is 29% 5. Average Milk production: 20,873 lbs./cow. 6. Average Fat: 3.67%(-.05) lbs.(-17) Of Fat 7. Average Solids Non Fat: 8.81%(.03)+ - 1,839 lbs. SNF (-27lbs) 8. Average Protein: 3.18% lbs. Protein.2004

9. Other a. Average cow life – 4 years. b. Calving interval – 13 months c. Inseminations per conception: 2.1 d. Breed back in 60 – 80 days after calving. e. First calving should be at 2 years of age. f. Length of Gestation: 279 – 283 days. g. Approximately 70% of all Dairy Cattle are bred A.I.

G. How to get into the Dairy Business 1. Inherit 2. Marry 3. Work into partnership

H. Advantage of the diary business: 1. Dairy cattle used for feed roughages that might otherwise be wasted. 2. Dairying provides a steady income throughout the year. 3. Labor is used throughout the year. 4. Death losses in the dairy herd are usually low if good management is followed. 5. Soil Fertility is maintained.

I. Disadvantages of the Dairy Business: 1. A high capital investment is needed. 2. The labor requirement is high and the operator is confined to a regular schedule of milking. 3. Training and experience are needed before entering into the dairy business.

4. Many management skills needed: a. Financial Management b. Basic Sciences c. Herd Health Management d. Breeding (Genetics) e. Nutritional Management f. Production Records g. Etc. 5. It takes a relatively long time to develop a high- producing dairy herd. 6. The demand for dairy products appears to be dropping. 7. Federal, State and local regulations are increasing.