IV. Basics of continuum mechanics, Stress Reading Suppe, Chapter 3 Twiss&Moores, chapter 15 Additional References : Jean Salençon, Handbook of continuum mechanics: general concepts, thermoelasticity, Springer, 2001 Chandrasekharaiah D.S., Debnath L. (1994) Continuum Mechanics Publisher: Academic press, Inc.

Force Force is the cause of deformation and/or motion of a body. 2 kinds of force: –Contact forces - involve physical contact between objects. Examples: the force involved in kicking a ball, pulling a wagon –Field forces - don't involve physical contact between objects. Examples: the gravitational force and the electromagnetic force

Stress Stress is force per unit area –Spreading out the weight reduces the stress with the same force. F=mg Normal Stress is skier’s weight distributed over skis surface area.

Thought experiments on stress…

The “flat-jack” experiment…

What if we rotate the slot???

Two stress components…

The stress (red vector) acting on a plane at M is the force exterted by one side over the other side divided by plane area…

The state of stress at a point can be characterizes from the stress tensor defined as … The stress tensor

Stress acting on a plane at point M… Let n be the unit vector defining an oriented surface with elementary area da at point M. (n points from side A to side B) Let dT be the force exerted on the plane by the medium on side B. It can be decomposed into a normal and shear component parallel to the surface. The stress vector is: n Normal stress Shear stress Side B Side A

Symmetry…

Principal stresses Engineering sign convention tension is positive, Geology sign convention compression is positive… Plane perpendicular to principal direction has no shear stress… Because the matrix is symmetric, there is coordinate frame such that….

The deviatoric stress tensor … Stress tensor = mean stress + deviatoric stress tensor

Sum of forces in 1- and 2-directions… 2-D stress on all possible internal planes… The Mohr diagram

Sum of forces in 1- and 2-directions… 2-D stress on all possible internal planes…

Rearrange equations yet again… Get more useful relationship between principal stresses and stress on any plane…. Rearrange equations…

The Mohr diagram

[1] What does a point on the circle mean? [2] What does the center of the circle tell you? [3] Where are the principle stresses? [4] What does the diameter or radius mean? [6] Where is the maximum shear stress? Any point on the circle gives  coordinates acting on the plane at an angle  to  Maximum shear stress  max occurs for  =45°; then  max = (  (  is the mean or hydrostatic stress= that which produces change in volume   (  is the maximum possible shear stress= that which produces change in shape  In direction of  and  = 0; hence  and  are on the abscissa axis of Mohr graph 

Pole of the Mohr circle   nn  A B  2  P

Poles of the Mohr circle   nn  A  P

  nn  A  P  A represent the state of stress on a facet with known orientation The geometric construction, based on the pole of the facet (P), allows to infer the state of stress on any orientation

Representation of the stress state in 3-D using the Mohr cirles.   nn   The state of stress of a plane with any orientation plots in this domain This circle represent the state of stress on planes parallel to   This circle represent the state of stress on planes parallel to   This circle represent the state of stress on planes parallel to  

Classification of stress state –General tension –General compression –Uniaxial Compression –Uniaxial tension –Biaxial stress      

Pure Shear (as a state of stress) The exression ‘Pure shear’ is also used to characterize the a particular case of biaxial stress   Do not confuse with pure shear as a state of strain  nn