UNIT-5 Acct - 103

Income Statement and Related Information Format of the Income Statement Reporting Irregular Items Special Reporting Issues Usefulness Limitations Quality of Earnings Elements Single-step Multiple-step Condensed income statements Discontinued operations Extraordinary items Unusual gains and losses Changes in accounting principles Changes in estimates Corrections of errors Intraperiod tax allocation Earnings per share Retained earnings statement Comprehensive income Service Cost - Actuaries compute service cost as the present value of the new benefits earned by employees during the year. Future salary levels considered in calculation. Interest on Liability - Interest accrues each year on the PBO just as it does on any discounted debt. Actual Return on Plan Assets - Increase in pension funds from interest, dividends, and realized and unrealized changes in the fair market value of the plan assets. Amortization of Unrecognized Prior Service Cost - The cost of providing retroactive benefits is allocated to pension expense in the future, specifically to the remaining service-years of the affected employees. Gain or Loss - Volatility in pension expense can be caused by sudden and large changes in the market value of plan assets and by changes in the projected benefit obligation. Two items comprise the gain or loss: difference between the actual return and the expected return on plan assets and, amortization of the unrecognized net gain or loss from previous periods

Income Statement Evaluate past performance. Usefulness of the Income Statement Evaluate past performance. Predicting future performance. Help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows.

Income Statement Limitations of the Income Statement Companies omit items that cannot be measured reliably. Income is affected by the accounting methods employed. Income measurement involves judgment.

Elements of the Income Statement Revenues – Inflows or other enhancements of assets or settlements of its liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations. Examples of Revenue Accounts Sales Fee revenue Interest revenue Dividend revenue Rent revenue

Elements of the Income Statement Expenses – Outflows or other using-up of assets or incurrence of liabilities that constitute the entity’s ongoing major or central operations. Examples of Expense Accounts Cost of goods sold Depreciation expense Interest expense Rent expense Salary expense

Elements of the Income Statement Gains – Increases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions. Losses - Decreases in equity (net assets) from peripheral or incidental transactions. Gains and losses can result from sale of investments or plant assets, settlement of liabilities, write-offs of assets.

Single-Step Income Statement The single-step statement consists of just two groupings: Revenues Expenses Net Income Single- Step No distinction between Operating and Non-operating categories.

Single-Step Income Statement Review The single-step income statement emphasizes a. the gross profit figure. b. total revenues and total expenses. c. extraordinary items more than it is emphasized in the multiple-step income statement. d. the various components of income from continuing operations.

Multiple-Step Income Statement Background Separates operating transactions from nonoperating transactions. Matches costs and expenses with related revenues. Highlights certain intermediate components of income that analysts use.

Multiple-Step Income Statement Review A separation of operating and non operating activities of a company exists in a. both a multiple-step and single-step income statement. b. a multiple-step but not a single-step income statement. c. a single-step but not a multiple-step income statement. d. neither a single-step nor a multiple-step income statement.

Multiple-Step Income Statement The presentation divides information into major sections. 1. Operating Section 2. Nonoperating Section 3. Income tax

Learning Objectives Explain the uses and limitations of a balance sheet. Identify the major classifications of the balance sheet. Prepare a classified balance sheet using the report and account formats. Determine which balance sheet information requires supplemental disclosure. Describe the major disclosure techniques for the balance sheet. 1. On the topic, “Challenges Facing Financial Accounting,” what did the AICPA Special Committee on Financial Reporting suggest should be included in future financial statements? Non-financial Measurements (customer satisfaction indexes, backlog information, and reject rates on goods purchases). Forward-looking Information Soft Assets (a company’s know-how, market dominance, marketing setup, well-trained employees, and brand image). Timeliness (no real time financial information)

Balance Sheet Evaluating the capital structure. Usefulness of the Balance Sheet Evaluating the capital structure. Assess risk and future cash flows. Analyze the company’s: Liquidity, Solvency, and Financial flexibility.

Balance Sheet Limitations of the Balance Sheet Most assets and liabilities are reported at historical cost. Use of judgments and estimates. Many items of financial value are omitted.

Balance Sheet Three General Classifications Classification in the Balance Sheet Three General Classifications Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity Companies further divide these classifications:

Balance Sheet Current Assets Cash and other assets a company expects to convert into cash, sell, or consume either in one year or in the operating cycle, whichever is longer.

Balance Sheet Review The correct order to present current assets is a. Cash, accounts receivable, prepaid items, inventories. b. Cash, accounts receivable, inventories, prepaid items. c. Cash, inventories, accounts receivable, prepaid items. d. Cash, inventories, prepaid items, accounts receivable.

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Cash Generally any monies available “on demand.” Cash equivalents are short-term highly liquid investments that will mature within three months or less. Any restrictions or commitments must be disclosed.

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Short-Term Investments Portfolios Type Valuation Classification Held-to-Maturity Debt Amortized Cost Current or Noncurrent Trading Debt or Equity Fair Value Current Available- for-Sale Debt or Equity Fair Value Current or Noncurrent

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Receivables Claims held against customers and others for money, goods, or services. Accounts receivable – oral promises Notes receivable – written promises Major categories of receivables should be shown in the balance sheet or the related notes.

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Accounts Receivable – Presentation Options 1 Current Assets: Cash SR 346 Accounts receivable 500 Less allowance for doubtful accounts 25 475 Inventory 812 Total current assets SR1,633 2 Current Assets: Cash SR 346 Accounts receivable, net of SR.25 allowance 475 Inventory 812 Total current assets SR1,633

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Inventories Company discloses: basis of valuation (e.g., lower-of-cost-or-market) and the method of pricing (e.g., FIFO or LIFO).

Balance Sheet – “Current Assets” Prepaid Expenses Payment of cash, that is recorded as an asset because service or benefit will be received in the future. Cash Payment Expense Recorded BEFORE Prepayments often occur in regard to: insurance supplies advertising rent maintenance on equipment

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Long-Term Investments Generally consists of four types: Securities Fixed assets Special funds Nonconsolidated subsidiaries or affiliated companies.

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Long-Term Investments Securities bonds, stock, and long-term notes For marketable securities, management’s intent determines current or noncurrent classification.

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Long-Term Investments Fixed Assets Land held for speculation

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Long-Term Investments Special Funds Sinking fund Pensions fund Cash surrender value of life insurance

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Long-Term Investments Nonconsolidated Subsidiaries or Affiliated Companies

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Property, Plant, and Equipment Assets of a durable nature used in the regular operations of the business.

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Intangibles Lack physical substance and are not financial instruments. Limited life intangibles amortized. Indefinite-life intangibles tested for impairment.

Balance Sheet – “Exercise” BE5-6 Mickey Snyder Corporation’s adjusted trial balance contained the following asset accounts at December 31, 2007: Prepaid Rent SR12,000; Goodwill SR40,000; Franchise Fees Receivable SR2,000; Franchises SR47,000; Patents SR33,000; Trademarks SR10,000. Prepare the intangible assets section of the balance sheet. Intangibles Goodwill SR 40,000 Franchises 47,000 Patents 33,000 Trademarks 10,000 Total SR130,000

Balance Sheet – “Noncurrent Assets” Other Assets This section should include only unusual items sufficiently different from assets in the other categories.

Balance Sheet Current Liabilities “Obligations that a company reasonably expects to liquidate either through the use of current assets or the creation of other current liabilities.”

Balance Sheet Long-Term Liabilities “Obligations that a company does not reasonably expect to liquidate within the normal operating cycle.” All covenants and restrictions must be disclosed.

Balance Sheet – “Exercise” BE5-9 Included in Ewing Company’s December 31, 2007, trial balance are the following accounts: Accounts Payable SR240,000; Pension Liability SR375,000; Discount on Bonds Payable SR24,000; Advances from Customers SR41,000; Bonds Payable SR400,000; Wages Payable SR27,000; Interest Payable SR12,000; Income Taxes Payable SR29,000. Prepare the long-term liabilities section of the balance sheet. Long-term liabilities Pension liability SR375,000 Bonds payable 400,000 Discount on bonds payable (24,000) Total 751,000

Balance Sheet Owners’ Equity Companies usually divide equity into three parts, (1) Capital Stock, (2) Additional Paid-In Capital, and (3) Retained Earnings.

Balance Sheet Classification Exercise Account Classification (a) Investment in preferred stock (a) Current asset/Investment (b) Treasury stock (b) Equity (c) Common stock (c) Equity (d) Cash dividends payable (d) Current liability (e) Accumulated depreciation (e) Contra-asset (f) Interest payable (f) Current liability (g) Deficit (g) Equity (h) Trading securities (h) Current asset (i) Unearned revenue (i) Current liability

Balance Sheet - Format Account form Report form Classified Balance Sheet Account form Report form Accounting Trends and Techniques—2004 (New York: AICPA) indicates that all of the 600 companies surveyed use either the “report form” (506) or the “account form” (94), sometimes collectively referred to as the “customary form.”

Additional Information Reported There are normally four types of information that are supplemental to account titles and amounts presented in the balance sheet: Contingencies Accounting Policies Contractual Situations Fair Values