Erdem Alpay Ala Nawaiseh

Why Shadows? Real world has shadows More control of the game’s feel  dramatic effects  spooky effects Without shadows the realism of a scene is lost Spatial location of models can be ambiguous

Importance of Shadows Where is the light coming from? Where are the objects in relation to each other?

Importance of Shadows Where is the light coming from? Where are the objects in relation to each other? Shadows are being cast and the answers to these questions are easily found.

Common Real-Time Shadow Techniques Shadow volumes Light maps Projected planar shadows Hybrid approaches

Easy To Implement and with good results when casting shadows onto one plane Squishes the Model onto a plane in just one matrix multiplication Very Fast Can extend to cast onto multiple planes, but each plane will require another rendering of the model. Planar Projected Shadows

[x, y, z] is the difference between the center of the model and the light source. Ideally you want to use the distance from each vertex, However it is not as fast since the matrix will have to be computed on a per vertex basis instead of a per model basis. The vertices of the model are multiplied by the Planar Projection matrix. Plane Eq: Ax + By + Cz + D = 0

Shadow Mapping Lance Williams published the idea in 1978 Completely image-space algorithm  No knowledge of scene’s geometry is required  must deal with aliasing artifacts Well known software rendering technique  Pixar’s RenderMan uses the algorithm  Basic shadowing technique for Toy Story, etc.

Two pass algorithm: First, render depth buffer from the light’s point-of- view  Essentially a 2D function indicating the depth of the closest pixels to the light.  The result is a “depth map” or “shadow map”. Second, render scene from the eye’s point-of- view  For each rasterized fragment determine fragment’s XYZ position relative to the light  compare the depth value at light position XY in the depth map to fragment’s light position Z The Shadow Mapping

The Shadow Mapping Cont. The Shadow Map Comparison Two values  A = Z value from depth map at fragment’s light XY position  B = Z value of fragment’s XYZ light position If B is greater than A, then there must be something closer to the light than the fragment  then the fragment is shadowed If A and B are approximately equal, the fragment is lit

Shadow Mapping with a Picture in 2D (1) light source depth map Z = A depth map’s image plane A < B shadowed fragment case First step

Shadow Mapping with a Picture in 2D (1) light source eye position depth map Z = A fragment’s light Z = B depth map’s image plane eye view image plane, a.k.a. the frame buffer A < B shadowed fragment case Second Step

Shadow Mapping with a Picture in 2D (2) light source eye position depth map Z = A fragment’s light Z = B depth map image plane eye view image plane, a.k.a. the frame buffer A  B unshadowed fragment case

Shadow Mapping with a Picture in 2D (3) The depth map could be at a different resolution from the frame buffer This mismatch can lead to artifacts image precision mismatch! An artifact is small error caused by the render process.

More realistic Example for mapping 1 st Pass

More realistic Example for mapping 2 nd Pass

Z-Buffer (Depth Buffer) Speeds up games by telling the graphics processor not to render objects that aren't actually in view, specifically objects or parts of objects which are covered up by other geometry. Ranges from 16bit to 32bit, and it can take up as much memory as an extra frame buffer. If depth test is enabled, when a new color that arrives for a pixel is closer to the window than the one already in the depth buffer. If it passes, it then replaces the value already in the depth buffer.

Stencil Buffer It's usually only 1bit or 8bit. The stencil allows applications to "tag" various regions of the frame buffer. The stencil buffer can tell the video card what it's allowed to redraw For example, let's say you have an air simulation game where the view is from the cockpit. It would be a waste to render the cockpit interior every frame the cockpit interior is tagged with a stencil number > 1 The stencil buffer tag will tell the video card to only redraw where it sees a 0 in the stencil buffer

What Is Shadow Volume A volume of space formed by an occluder Bounded by the edges of the occluder First proposed by Frank Crow in Notice that the “far” ends of the volume goes to infinity

How does Shadow Volume works Compute the shadow volume for all visible polygons from the light source Add the shadow volume polygons to the scene database Tag them as shadow polygons Assign its associated light source

Approaches in shadow volumes  Initially set parity to 0 and shoot a ray from eye to P  Invert parity when the ray crosses the shadow volume boundary  Parity = 1  it is in shadow  Parity = 0  it is not in Shadow First approach : Parity Test When is a surface is inside shadow?

Approaches in shadow volumes First approach : Parity Test Problems with Parity Test

How does Shadow Volumes Works  Consider a camera at any point outside of the shadow and a point being shaded. Shoot a ray from camera to the point.  If the point is in the shadow volume it will have a positive value since the ray incremented the stencil buffer every time it entered the shadow volume (front facing), and decremented it when it left (back facing). Second Approach : Counter When is a surface is inside shadow?

How does Shadow Volumes Works If the camera is within the shadow volume the incrementing and decrementing must be reversed. This however is extra work for a check to determine the location of the camera must be made. Shadowing object light source eye position

Shadow Volumes Step 1: Render scene  Z-values

Shadow Volumes Front face: +1 Step 2: Render shadow volume faces Back face: -1

Shadow Volumes Front face: ±0 (Depth test) Back face:±0 (Depth test)  =±0

Shadow Volumes Front face: +1 Back face:±0 (Depth test)  =+1 ±0

Shadow Volumes Front face: +1 Back face:-1  =±0 ±0 +1

Shadow Volumes ±0 +1 ±0 Step 3: Apply shadow mask to scene

Conclusion Shadow Mapping: offers real-time shadowing effects Independent of scene complexity Does not mandate multi-pass as stenciled shadow volumes do Ideal for shadows from spotlights Shadow Volume: The addition of shadow volume polygons can greatly increase your database size Using the stencil buffer approach, pixel fill becomes a key speed factor More precise than shadow mapping Polygon count explodes with object complexity of geometry and number of light sources

References Shadow Mapping References Lance Williams, “Casting Curved Shadows on Curved Surfaces,” SIGGRAPH 78 (paper) William Reeves, David Salesin, and Robert Cook (Pixar), “Rendering antialiased shadows with depth maps,” SIGGRAPH 87 (paper) adow_mapping.pdf adow_mapping.pdf

References Shadow Volume References Lance Williams, “Casting Curved Shadows on Curved Surfaces,” SIGGRAPH 78 (paper) William Reeves, David Salesin, and Robert Cook (Pixar), “Rendering antialiased shadows with depth maps,” SIGGRAPH 87 (paper) adow_mapping.pdf adow_mapping.pdf Shadow Volume Reconstruction from Depth Maps Michael D. McCool University of Waterloo