Interactions between Europeans and Indigenous Peoples

Exploration of the Americas boomed during the 15 th to 17 th centuriesExploration of the Americas boomed during the 15 th to 17 th centuries The following are just a few of the North American explorers. They were usually sent by a European country to explore and conquer:The following are just a few of the North American explorers. They were usually sent by a European country to explore and conquer: Early Exploration

Christopher Columbus Jacques Marquette Henry Hudson Marco Polo Vasco de Gama Bartolomeu Dias Leif Eriksson Prince Henry the Navigator Juan Ponce de León Hernán Cortés Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Ferdinand Magellan Early Exploration

Early Exploration Explorers Lets Refresh our Memories! And also look at a couple of more names and faces!

Christopher Columbus An Italian mapmakerAn Italian mapmaker Convinced Spain that a westward water route to Asia existed since the world was roundConvinced Spain that a westward water route to Asia existed since the world was round Landed in the New World, the Bahamas, on October 12, 1492 (now Columbus Day)Landed in the New World, the Bahamas, on October 12, 1492 (now Columbus Day) Took 4 voyages to the New WorldTook 4 voyages to the New World Main result of voyages was he initiated trade and colonization of the New WorldMain result of voyages was he initiated trade and colonization of the New World

Jacques Marquette French missionary who explored the MidwestFrench missionary who explored the Midwest Missionaries were sent to the New World to convert Natives to ChristianityMissionaries were sent to the New World to convert Natives to Christianity

Henry Hudson English explorer who was searching for a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean to get to the OrientEnglish explorer who was searching for a Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean to get to the Orient Found the Hudson River and the Hudson StraitFound the Hudson River and the Hudson Strait

Reciprocal Impact What does “Reciprocal Impact” Mean?

Reciprocal Impact the exchange of goods, ideas, agricultural products and even disease between Europeans and the indigenous populations of the Americasthe exchange of goods, ideas, agricultural products and even disease between Europeans and the indigenous populations of the Americas

Europeans changed lives of the First Americans At first, Indians were not hostileAt first, Indians were not hostile Indians desired peaceful tradeIndians desired peaceful trade Cooperative encounters became less frequent over timeCooperative encounters became less frequent over time

Transfer of Food as Reciprocal Impact Plants and animals from the Old to the New WorldPlants and animals from the Old to the New World American crops to Europe and AfricaAmerican crops to Europe and Africa

From Europe to the Americas Sugar and bananas transformed economies of Latin AmericaSugar and bananas transformed economies of Latin America Pigs, sheep, and cattle multiplied more rapidly than they had in EuropePigs, sheep, and cattle multiplied more rapidly than they had in Europe The horse was reintroduce and was adapted for huntingThe horse was reintroduce and was adapted for hunting

From the Americas to Europe and Africa Maize, beans, squash, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, potatoMaize, beans, squash, sweet potatoes, peppers, tomatoes, potato TobaccoTobacco Rich new sources of nutrition helped increase the European populationRich new sources of nutrition helped increase the European population

What was another name for this? The Columbian Exchange! Transfer of Food as Reciprocal Impact

Was all trade good? Not everything! Reciprocal Impact

Transfer of Disease From the Americas to EuropeFrom the Americas to Europe –Syphilis –Appeared in Europe within a year of Columbus’s return –spread to China by 1505

Transfer of Disease From Europe to Americas –Natives had little natural immunity to common African and European diseases –Influenza, typhus, measles, small pox –Millions died

The “Great Dying” “Historical demographers now estimate that some tribes suffered a 90% to 95% loss within the first century of European contact.”“Historical demographers now estimate that some tribes suffered a 90% to 95% loss within the first century of European contact.” –Divine, et al. America, Past and Present. 1991, New York City.

Ideas also Exchanged Reciprocal impact also referred to the exchange of ideas and cultural concepts, not just physical items like food or animalsReciprocal impact also referred to the exchange of ideas and cultural concepts, not just physical items like food or animals Indian way of life alteredIndian way of life altered Europeans influenced by Indian cultureEuropeans influenced by Indian culture

Why did the Spanish come to the New World The Three G’s!!!

The Spanish came to North America for three reasonsThe Spanish came to North America for three reasons –God, gold & glory Spanish built missions and were sent by the Roman Catholic churchSpanish built missions and were sent by the Roman Catholic church –in the missions, natives were taught Christianity and European farming, herding, and crafts Spanish Exploration

Spaniards brought horses which allowed the Native American empire to expandSpaniards brought horses which allowed the Native American empire to expand Spanish Exploration

Europeans used North America’s land to extract gold, tobacco, food, and spices to send back to EuropeEuropeans used North America’s land to extract gold, tobacco, food, and spices to send back to Europe Exploration

Why did the French come to the New World Money, Money, Money!

French The French were friendly with the native people because they profited from them in the fur trade Arrived in Eastern Canada and the Great Lakes in the 1500s

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations- consisted of 5 tribes prior to European contactIroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations- consisted of 5 tribes prior to European contact An Indian Confederation that had a ConstitutionAn Indian Confederation that had a Constitution We actually borrowed some of their ideas about a democratic government when we created the Articles of ConfederationWe actually borrowed some of their ideas about a democratic government when we created the Articles of Confederation Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

Europeans were surprised by some Native cultural differencesEuropeans were surprised by some Native cultural differences Many native populations used matriarchal leadership (women ruled the society as elders, the husband joins the wife’s family, women and mothers are highly respected)Many native populations used matriarchal leadership (women ruled the society as elders, the husband joins the wife’s family, women and mothers are highly respected) Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

New European settlements continued to spring up and push the natives out of their sacred homelandsNew European settlements continued to spring up and push the natives out of their sacred homelands Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

The Pilgrims celebrated Thanksgiving with the Natives after the first harvestThe Pilgrims celebrated Thanksgiving with the Natives after the first harvest Their Thanksgiving meal consisted of food such as: fish, clams, mussels, turkey, duck, deer, corn, fruits, peas, nuts, etc.Their Thanksgiving meal consisted of food such as: fish, clams, mussels, turkey, duck, deer, corn, fruits, peas, nuts, etc. Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

Pilgrims lived in Plymouth, MassachusettsPilgrims lived in Plymouth, Massachusetts The Wampanoag people and Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to farm, fish, and huntThe Wampanoag people and Squanto taught the Pilgrims how to farm, fish, and hunt Iroquois Confederacy/League of Five Nations

What tribes made up the “Confederacy?” Let’s take a look!

Iroquois Confederacy 5 Iroquois Nations5 Iroquois Nations –Mohawk –Oneida –Onondaga –Cayuga –Seneca

Iroquois Confederacy lasted for hundreds of yearslasted for hundreds of years united to stand together against invasionunited to stand together against invasion –common council composed of clan and village chiefs – decision must be unanimous served as model for founders of US governmentserved as model for founders of US government

Matriarchal Leadership In many tribes, leadership is passed through womenIn many tribes, leadership is passed through women Stories and names are also handed down through womenStories and names are also handed down through women Directly contrasted to male-dominated European culturesDirectly contrasted to male-dominated European cultures

Let’s wrap it up! In summary… The Reciprocal Impact was…

Reciprocal Impact All of the following were a result of the reciprocal impact of European contact with the indigenous (native) people:All of the following were a result of the reciprocal impact of European contact with the indigenous (native) people: –Europeans attempted to convert Natives to Christianity –Death of Natives by disease due to lack of immunity –Addition of new foods into the European diet

After the French and Indian War ( ), the natives were pushed west of the Appalachian mountainsAfter the French and Indian War ( ), the natives were pushed west of the Appalachian mountains But then we decided to move West and we forced them on to reservationsBut then we decided to move West and we forced them on to reservations Reciprocal Impact

Dependency Influence of Europeans caused Indians to become dependentInfluence of Europeans caused Indians to become dependent European system of land use reduced supply of animals Indians huntedEuropean system of land use reduced supply of animals Indians hunted Forests were cleared and land fencedForests were cleared and land fenced Trade with Europeans caused Indians to go into debt and encouraged overhuntingTrade with Europeans caused Indians to go into debt and encouraged overhunting

QUESTIONS?