Quality Control Chapter 12- Management and Planning Tools PowerPoint presentation to accompany Besterfield Quality Control, 8e PowerPoints created by Rosida Coowar 1

Outline Why, Why Force Field Analysis Nominal Group Technique Affinity Diagram Interrelationship Diagram

Outline Tree Diagram Matrix Diagram Prioritization Matrices Process Decision Program Chart Activity Network Diagram

Learning Objectives Affinity Diagram Interrelationship Diagram When you complete this chapter, you should: Be able to describe the why, why, forced field, and nominal group techniques. Know how to develop and utilize the following tools: Affinity Diagram Interrelationship Diagram Tree Diagram Matrix Diagram 4

Learning Objectives-cont’d. When you complete this chapter, you should: Know how to develop and utilize the following tools cont’d.: Process Decision Program Chart Activity Network Diagram Prioritization Matrices 5

Management and Planning Tools These tools are particularly useful in structuring unstructured ideas, making strategic plans, organizing and controlling large and complex projects. These tools are very effective for teams and, in some cases, for individuals.

Management and Planning Tools Subjective information. Applications of these tools has been proven useful in process improvement, cost reduction, policy deployment, and new-product development.

Why, Why Key to finding the root cause of a problem by focusing on the process rather than on people. Describes the problem in specific terms and then ask “why”. This tool is very beneficial in developing critical thinking. It is frequently a quick method of solving problems.

Forced Field Analysis Identifies the forces and factors that may influence the problem or goal. Helps an organization to better understand promoting or driving and restraining or inhibiting forces so that the positives can be reinforced and the negatives reduced or eliminated.

Forced Field Analysis Steps: Define the objective. Determine criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the improvement action. Brainstorm the forces that promote and inhibit achieving the goal.

Forced Field Analysis Steps cont’d.: Prioritize the forces from greatest to least. Take action to strengthen the promoting forces and weaken the inhibiting forces.

Forced Field Analysis Benefits: Determine the positives and negatives of a situation. Encourage people to agree and prioritize the competing forces. Identify the root causes.

Forced Field Analysis Objective: Stop Smoking Promoting Forces Inhibiting Forces Poor Health Habit Smelly Clothing Addiction Poor Example Taste Cost Stress Impact on Others Advertisement

Nominal Group Technique Provides the issues/ideas input from everyone on the team and for effective decisions.

Nominal Group Technique Steps: Everyone writes on a piece of paper the situation they think is most important. The papers are collected, and all situations are listed on a flip chart. Rank the situations (using another paper). Give numerical values 1… Points for each problem are totaled and the item with the highest number of points is considered to be the most important.

Affinity Diagram A tool for organizing a large number of ideas, opinions, and facts relating to a broad problem or subject area.

Affinity Diagram Procedure: State the issue in a full sentence. Brainstorm using short sentences on self-adhesive notes. Post them for the team to see. Sort ideas into logical groups. Create concise descriptive headings for each group.

Interrelationship Diagram Identifies and explores causal relationships among related concepts or ideas. It allows the team to classify the cause-and-effect relationships among all factors so that the key drivers and outcomes can be used to solve the problem.

Interrelationship Diagram Steps: The team should agree on the issue or problem statement. All of the ideas or issues from other techniques or from brainstorming should be laid out. Start with the first issue. The second iteration is to compare other issues.

Interrelationship Diagram Steps cont’d.: The entire diagram should be reviewed and revised where necessary. The diagram is completed by tallying the incoming and outgoing arrows and placing this information below the box.

Interrelationship Diagram Benefits: Allows the team to identify root causes from subjective data. Systematically explores cause-and-effect relationships. Encourages members to think multidirectionally. Develops team harmony and effectiveness.

Tree Diagram Maps out the paths and tasks necessary to complete a specific project or reach a specified goal.

Tree Diagram Procedure: Choose an action-oriented objective statement from the interrelationship diagram, affinity diagram, brainstorming, team mission statement. Using brainstorming, choose the major headings. Generate the next level by analyzing the major headings. Repeat this question at each level.

Tree Diagram Benefits: Encourages team members to think creatively. Makes large projects manageable. Generates a problem-solving atmosphere.

Matrix Diagram Display relationships between ideas, activities or other dimensions in such a way as to provide logical connecting points between each item. Data are presented in table form and can be objective or subjective, which can be given symbols with or without numerical values.

Matrix Diagram Procedure: Select the factors affecting a successful plan. Select the appropriate format (depend on the number of variables). Determine the relationship symbols.

Matrix Diagram Benefits: Encourage the team to think in terms of relationship, their strength, and any pattern.

Prioritization Matrices Prioritizes issues, tasks, characteristics, based on weighted criteria using a combination of tree and matrix diagram techniques. Once prioritized, effective decision can be made. Prioritization matrices are designed to reduce the team’s options rationally before implementation planning occurs.

Prioritization Matrices Steps: Construct an L-Shaped matrix combining the options, which are the lowest-level of detail of the tree diagram with the criteria. Determine the implementation criteria using the nominal group technique (NGT) or any other technique that will satisfactorily weight the criteria.

Prioritization Matrices Steps cont’d.: Prioritize the criteria using the NGT. Each team member weights the criteria so the total weight equals 1, and the results are totaled for the entire team. Rank order the options in terms of importance by each criterion, average the results, and round to the nearest whole number.

Prioritization Matrices Steps cont’d.: Compute the option importance score under each criterion by multiplying the rank by the criteria weight.

Process Decision Program Chart The PDPC avoids surprises and identifies possible countermeasures. PDPC is a method for mapping out every conceivable event and contingency that can occur when moving from a problem statement to possible solutions.

Process Decision Program Chart Steps: The team state the objective. That activity is followed by the first level. In some cases a second level of detailed activities may be used. The team brainstorms to determine what could go wrong with the conference, and these are shown as the “what-if” level.

Process Decision Program Chart Steps cont’d.: The countermeasures are brainstormed and placed in a balloon in the last level. The last step is to evaluate the countermeasures and select the optimal ones by placing an O underneath. Place an X under those that are rejected.

Activity Network Diagram Program evaluation and review technique (PERT). Critical path method (CPM). Arrow diagram. Activity on node (AON). The diagram shows completion times, simultaneous tasks, and critical activity path.

Activity Network Diagram Steps: The team brainstorms or documents all the task to complete a project. The first task is located and placed on the extreme left of a large view work surface. Any tasks that can be done simultaneously are placed below.

Activity Network Diagram Steps cont’d.: Repeat steps 2 and 3 until all tasks are placed in their correct sequence. Number each task and draw connecting arrows. Determine the critical path by completing the four remaining boxes in each task.