REALISM Attempted to depict everyday life in its purest form. Realists rejected the embellished, idealistic art of the past and used detail in an attempt to be absolutely true to the object depicted.

Jean-Francois Millet ( ) one of the Barbizon painters THE GLEANERS

Gustave Courbet ( ) Quote on realistic painting: "Show me an angel and I'll paint you one." THE SLEEPING SPINNER

Gustave Flaubert ( ) Madame Bovary was his most famous work

Emile Zola ( ) Known for his support of Alfred Dreyfus Also associated with Naturalism

IMPRESSIONISM Attempts to give an immediate impression on canvas of the artist's subject. Its name comes from a painting by the French artist Claude Monet entitled Impression Sunrise (1870). Claude Monet The impressionists were influenced by new scientific studies of color and light. Impressionists liked to paint outdoors and attempted to reproduce light on their canvases, sometimes applying small strokes of pure color in order to achieve this effect rather than mixing it on the palette.

Claude Monet ( )

“Water Lilies”

“Bridge at Argenteuil”

Pierre-Auguste Renoir ( )

“Girl with the watering can”

“Luncheon of the boating party”

Edgar Degas ( )

“Ballet Class”

Degas’ sculpture

Naturalism A literary movement that ttempted to apply scientific methods and principles to literature and drama. The movement first developed in France, but the naturalistic style of writing later spread to the United States, Russia, Germany, and Scandinavia. Naturalists believed that reality could only be verified through the senses and that a writer's goal was the objective reporting of observations.

Henrik Ibsen ( ) His most famous work was the play “A Doll’s House”

SCIENCE - Charles Darwin 1859 – The Origin of the Species Developed theory of natural selection (survival of the fittest)

SCIENCE - Physics Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Werner Heisenberg

Modernism An artistic movement that began in 1880 as artists, writers, and architects attempted to replace older artistic styles with innovative new styles. Artistic styles considered modernist include postimpressionism, expressionism, cubism, dadaism, Bauhaus, futurism, and surrealism. postimpressionismexpressionismcubismdadaism Bauhaussurrealism What unified those diverse movements was a break with traditional narrative and its attempt to realistically present a coherent, unified, sensible world. Modernist works, instead, portrayed the world as ambiguous, fragmented, and obscured by psychological impulses or the inability of language to describe our essential reality.

Bloomsbury Group The Bloomsbury group was a collective of intellectuals who gathered in London from the early 20th century until the 1930s. The group was organized by Virginia Woolf and her siblings and became famous for its criticism of Victorian ideas concerning artistic, sexual, and social matters.Virginia Woolf

Virginia Woolf ( )

John Maynard Keynes ( ) His most lasting contributions came in his belief that a pure laissez-faire economy was ill-suited to provide full employment for workers and was likewise unable to pull an ailing economy out of a recession or depression.laissez-fairerecession He theorized that in order for an economy to recover from a downturn and remain strong, demand must be enhanced, both through low interest rates and greater public expenditures.

Keynesian economics

Modernism in Music IGOR STRAVINSKY ( ) – “The Rite of Spring”

Auguste Comte Father of sociology Thought society could be studied in a scientific manner Created theory called positivism

Friedrich Nietzsche German philosopher ANTI- rationality, religion, democracy, nationalism, racism,etc. His most famous work was Thus Spake Zarathustra Supported the theory of a heroic superman or “Ubermensch” who embodied greatness and a higher humanity

Sigmund Freud Jewish Austrian doctor Studied the unconscious THE ID THE EGO THE SUPEREGO The father of psychoanalysis

POST-IMPRESSIONISM Postimpressionist artists expanded upon the work of impressionists. The styles of the artists associated are highly individualistic, and their concerns ranged from pictorial structure (Paul Cézanne) to the imagination (Paul Gauguin) to the scientific perception of color (Georges Seurat).Paul CézannePaul GauguinGeorges Seurat

Paul Cezanne ( )

Georges Seurat ( ) HE DEVELOPED POINTILISM

Vincent Van Gogh ( )

“Starry Night”

Expressionism Artists attempted to express a state of mind, focusing on emotions and psychological responses to objects and events rather than objective reality. The term expressionism was first used to describe painting, but it also came to describe literature, opera, and film.opera Although it was most dominant in Germany, expressionism was practiced by artists in Austria, France, and Russia. The exhibition and production of expressionist art was banned in Germany as the Nazis came to power in 1933, and many expressionist artists were exiled to the United States and other countries.

Edvard Munch ( ) “The Scream”

Vasily Kandinsky ( ) “Transverse Line” 1923

Cubism Cubism was an artistic style begun by Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque in early-20th-century France.Pablo PicassoGeorges Braque In cubism, objects were transformed into basic geometric shapes and reassembled in a variety of ways so that the objects became abstract.

Pablo Picasso ( )

“Guernica”

POSSIBLE SUBJECTS FOR IMPRESSIONIST PAINTINGS