Warm Up: Happy Tuesday!!! What do you know about gladiators? Where have you seen gladiators in the media??

Roman Culture and Society

Roman Arts and Literature The Romans spread Greco-Roman arts and culture throughout the empire

Roman Arts Developed a taste for Greek statues

Sculpture Sculptures produced more realistic works

Paintings Painters painted portraits and landscapes on walls of villas

Architecture Concrete helped to construct huge buildings that the Greeks could not create Remarkable engineers Roads, bridges, and aqueducts Built 50,000 miles of roads throughout the empire In Rome, a dozen aqueducts kept a population of one million supplied with water

Architecture Excelled in architecture Used curved forms Arch, vault and dome

Slavery and Slave Revolts No people in the ancient world had more slaves or depended on slaved more than the Romans Large numbers of captured soldiers in war became slaves Used as: household workers, cooks, valets, waiters, cleaners, gardeners, farm laborers Many slave holders were afraid of their slaves b/c they treated them so awful

Slavery and Slave Revolts If a slave killed his master, the slave would be executed and all other slaves would be killed too Most famous slave revolt was led by the gladiator Spartacus In 73 B.C. he led 70,000 slaves Defeated several armies 6,000 of his followers were crucified or nailed to a cross

Spartacus is Hollywood

Aqueducts and Roman Roads Superb builders Network of 50,000 miles of roads Rome- a dozen aqueducts kept 1 million people supplied with water

City life in Ancient Rome had great problems similar to life today

Family The heart of Roman society was the family Paterfamilias- the dominant male Included wife, sons and their wives, unmarried daughters, and slaves

Education Raised their children at home Upper-class children: expected to learn and read Father was chief figure in providing education Decided whether to teach them, hire a teacher, or send to school Teachers were often Greek slaves

Adulthood Childhood ended for: Women must have male guardians Boys- 16 Girls- 12-14 Ceremony for boys- trade in purple toga Girls ceremony- marriage Women must have male guardians Paterfamilias responsibility When he dies, sons or nearest relative takes over

Marriage Girls could get married as young as 12 Boys usually 16-18 Meant for life 3rd century A.D.- introduce divorce Easy to obtain Husband or wife could ask for it Fathers arranged marriages for their daughters

Women More independence and freedom Right to own, inherit and sell property Not segregated from men in the homes Could attend races, theater, amphitheater but sit in separate sections Accompanied by maids Could not participate in politics

Living Conditions in Rome

Living Conditions in Rome Center of the empire was Rome, one million people at the time of Augustus Boasted public buildings like no other in the world, but also was over crowded and noisy Hard to sleep at night Dangerous- could be robbed Wagon traffic horrible Soaked by fiflth trhown out of windows

Where they lived The rich lived in comfortable villas The poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae Fire an extreme hazard Hard to put out Famous one in A.D. 64 High rent- lived in one room No AC or central heating= very uncomfortable

Living Conditions in Rome Emperors proved food for the poor Large scale entertainment was provided for the people of Rome 1. Horse and chariot races in Circus Maximus 2. Dramatic performances were held in theaters 3. Gladiator shows

Circus Maximus and The Colosseum The Roman Gladiators A Gladiator’s Life Types of Gladiators Circus Maximus and The Colosseum

The beginnings of Violent games

A Gladiator’s Life As Rome expands it comes into conflict with other cultures Majority of those that become gladiators are because of conquest The conquered were then escorted back to Rome where they would be sold in slave markets

A Gladiator’s Life Sent to a ludus gladiatorious to be trained Training was under the supervision of a lanista or “the butcher” Abuse was common place and was both physical and psychological (whipping most common) Day consisted of lifting weights and learning the art of death

A Gladiator’s Life Common myth is that gladiators were only slaves Majority were but they were criminals, debtors and those condemned to death Trained according to one’s physical attributes or skills

Training

At the Coliseum At the coliseum gladiators fought first Concerned about survival and what lanista will do if you do not perform well After condemned are killed, animals hunted and criminal fights Gladiators fight again in late day but it is to the death now

Death of Gladiators Defeated gladiators could appeal for mercy but it was at the whim of the crowd Death did not always come at the hands of one’s opponent Men dressed as Roman gods would kill the loser in a variety of ways to add to the sensationalism of the event Thumbs down meant to spare the gladiator A thumb up meant to kill him

Colosseum Built by Emperor Vespasian and Titus 70-80 A.D. Seated 45,000, had two large restroom areas, covered area, numbered seating based on class, and had supporting facilities nearby Longest games were 123 days long

Colosseum Exotic animals hunts, gladiatorial combat, executions, brutal plays, battle recreations and possibly naval battles with alligators entertained the crowds

Bull Fight vs. Roman Warriors

Death of a Gladiator

Material Evidence

Thraex

Gladiatorial Scenes in Art

Zliten Mosaic Originally in a Roman seaside villa Now in Archaeological Musuem Tripoli, Tunisia

Fragment of a Relief Showing Gladiators in the New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Roman, 1st-3rd century AD Recorded ca. 1880 in the Vigna Aquari in Rome. Accession # 57.11.

Gladiator cup, ca. 50–80 A.D.; Neronian–Early Flavianic Roman; Found at Montagnole, southern France Now in New York Metropolitan Museum of Art Glass; H. 2 7/8 in. (7.3 cm), Diam. 3 1/8 in. (7.9 cm) Gift of Henry G. Marquand, 1881 (81.10.245)

Ancient Mosaic now in Bourghese Gallery, Rome

Murder and non-Gladiator games

Gladiatorial Tombstones

Christians vs. Gladiators