C18: An Era of Reform. C18.2 The Spirit of Reform.

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C18: An Era of Reform

C18.2 The Spirit of Reform

Second Great Awakening religious movement Leader – Charles Finney (preacher)

Beliefs: Everyone can gain forgiveness Do good works Build heaven on Earth

Achievements got people working to improve society inspired some to oppose slavery

Transcendentalism

Leaders of Transcendentalism Ralph Waldo EmersonHenry David Thoreau

Beliefs people have unlimited potential can “transcend” (go beyond) logical thinking trust your emotions and intuition question society’s rules do not conform

Accomplishments created model communities (utopian societies) – shared labor – lived together – no competition Example: Brook Farm, MA

C18.3 Reforming the Treatment of Prisoners and the Mentally Ill

Leader - Dorothea Dix

Problems prisoners in chains some locked in cages children jailed with adults debtors put in prison mentally ill locked up, beaten

Beliefs prisoners should be treated better separate children and adults keep debtors out of prisons treat the mentally ill, don’t punish

Achievements Removed debtors from prisons Special justice system for children Outlawed cruel punishment Hospitals for the mentally ill

C18.4 Improving Education

Leader - Horace Mann “The Father of American Public Schools”

Problems Few children attended school Teachers had little education, poorly paid Less education for girls African Americans banned from most schools

Beliefs make education available education helps children escape poverty, be good citizens

Achievements NY set up elementary schools in all towns MA paid taxes to improve schools, teachers’ pay, training 1850: most white kids in North and West went to school 1837: Oberlin College admitted women

C18.5 Abolition (fighting slavery)

Abolitionists (abolition leaders) QuakersWilliam Lloyd Garrison

Abolitionists Frederick Douglass

Abolitionists Angelina & Sarah GrimkeSojourner Truth

Problems People supported slavery for cheap cotton Slavery was cruel Abolitionists disagreed on how to end slavery

Beliefs slavery didn’t fit land of the free radical abolitionists wanted slaves to rebel others said end slavery peacefully moderates said give slaveholders time to adjust to no slaves

Partial Achievement: Slavery ended in the North but not in the South.

C18.6-7: Women’s Rights

Leaders Lucretia MottElizabeth Cady Stanton

Leaders Lucy StoneElizabeth Blackwell

Leaders Frederick DouglassSojourner Truth

Susan B. Anthony

Problems Women couldn’t vote, hold public office Money & property controlled by men Couldn’t speak publicly Banned from most jobs, colleges Husbands could beat wives

Beliefs women should vote equal treatment equal opportunities

Achievements Seneca Falls Convention, NY, 1848 wrote “Declaration of Sentiments” created women’s rights movement NY gave women control of property, wages MA & IN passed divorce laws Elizabeth Blackwell set up a hospital & medical school