SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism. c. Describe the reaction to foreign domination; include the Russo-Japanese War and Young Turks. d. Describe imperialism in Africa and Asia by comparing British policies in South Africa, French policies in Indochina, and Japanese policies in Asia.

In the 19 th century, a new phase of Western expansion into Asia and Africa began Europeans began to view Asian & African societies as a source for industrial raw materials & a market for goods Beginning in the 1880’s, European states began an intense scramble for overseas territories Rather than simply establishing trading outposts, now they sought nothing less than direct control over vast territories.

France Great Britain Germany

Strong economic motives- markets & raw materials Heated rivalries- advantage over their rivals National prestige Social Darwinism & Racism “White Man’s Burden”- civilize primitive peoples Other wanted to help Asia & Africa benefit from democracy, Christianity, and capitalism

Nowhere in Africa did the European presence grow more rapidly than in the south. By 1865, the total white population of the area had rise to nearly 200,000 people The Boers, or Afrikaners– as the descendents of the original Dutch settlers were called– had occupied Cape Town and surrounding areas in the 17 th century. During the Napoleonic Wars, the British seized these lands from the Dutch. Afterward, the British encouraged settlers to come to what they called Cape Colony

In the 1830’s disgusted with British rule, the Boers fled northward and formed 2 independent republics– the Orange Free State and the Transvaal (later called the South African Republic). The Boers who believed white superiority was ordained by God, put many of the indigenous peoples on reservations.

Britain’s lenient attitude toward Afrikaner statehood took a drastic turn with the discovery of large mineral deposits in Afrikaner populated territories– diamonds in 1867 and gold in Influx of thousands of British miners & prospectors led to tensions culminating in the South African or Boer War (1899 – 1902) The brutal conflict pitted whites against whites it also took a large toll on Black Africans, who served both sides as soldiers and laborers. The Afrikaners conceded defeat in 1902 and by 1910, the British government had reconstituted the four former colonies as provinces in the Union of South Africa. British attempts at improving relations between English speakers and Afrikaners centered on shoring up the privileges of white colonial society and the domination of black Africans.

French imperialists build the large southeast Asian colony of French Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos) between 1859 and Like the British in India, the French introduced European style schools and sought to establish close connections with native elites. French officials also encouraged conversion to Christianity. By century’s end, all of SE Asia had come under European imperial rule except for the kingdom of Siam (modern Thailand) which preserved its independence largely because colonial officials regarded it as a convenient buffer state between British dominated Burma and French Indochina.

The Japanese drive to empire began in the east Asian islands. During the 1870’s, Japanese leaders consolidated their hold on Hokkaido and the Kurile islands to the north. They encouraged Japanese migrants to populate the island to forestall Russian expansion there. By 1879, they had also established their hegemony over Okinawa and the Ryuku islands to the South.

As European and US imperialists divided up the world in the 1880’s and 1890’s, Meiji political and military leaders made plans to project Japanese power abroad. The Japanese developed contingency plans for a conflict with China, staged maneuvers in anticipation of a continental war, and built a navy with the capacity to fight on the high seas.

Rivalry with Russia over influence in Korea had led to increasingly strained relations between Japan & Russia. In 1904, Japan launched a surprise attack on the Russian naval base at Port Arthur, which Russia had taken from China in When Japanese forces moved into Manchuria & the Liaodong Peninsula, Russia troops proved to be no match for them. In the meantime, Russia had sent its Baltic fleet halfway around the world only to be defeated by the new Japanese navy. After their defeat, the Russians agreed to a humiliating peace in They gave the Liaodong Peninsula back to Japan, as well as the southern part of Sakhalin, an island north of Japan. The Japanese victory stunned the world. Japan had become one of the great powers.

The most active dissident organization was the Ottoman Society for Union and Progress, better known as the Young Turks Vigorously promoted reforms such as universal suffrage, equality before the law, freedom or religion, and the emancipation of women Able to force the restoration of the constitution in 1908 and to depose the sultan the following year. Worked to make Turkish the official language of the empire which would lead to conflicts with leaders in Syria, Iraq, and other Arabic regions of the Ottoman Empire