REMEMBERING 2O10: PART 5 SEPTEMBER - DECEMBER SEVERE WINDSTORMS (CONTINUED), EARTHQUAKES (CONTINUED), LANDSLIDES (CONTINUED), WILDFIRES (CONTINUED), VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS, (CONTINUED)… Walter Hays, Global Alliance for Disaster Reduction, University of North Carolina, USA

RESCUE WORKERS BURIED IN SECOND LANDSLIDE: SEPT 5

INTENSIVE SEARCH AND RECUE OPERATIONS

Recovery efforts had to be abandoned when heavy rain struck the region again, sending people fleeing from the rain- saturated hillsides Over 12,000 were evacuated to temporary shelters. To prevent further landslide tragedies, the President ordered the Inter-American Highway closed and urged people to stay of the roads.

RAIN-TRIGGERED MUDSLIDE BURIES HUNDREDS IN SANTA MARIA TLAHUITOLTEPEC, STATE OF OAXACA, MEXICO SEPTEMBER, 28, 2010

LOCATION

Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, famous for its colonial buildings and archaeological sites, is the heartland of the indigenous Mixe culture, which is considered one of Mexico's poorest.

The landslide, triggered by heavy rain fall from Hurricane Karl and tropical storm Matthew, buried hundreds in Santa Maria Tlahuitoltepec, MX, around 4 am as they slept.

A VIEW OF THE LANDSLIDE

The slide dragged several houses some 400 m down the hillside along with cars, livestock and light poles.

EARTHQUAKES CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND JAVA, INDONESIA

SHALLOW, EARLY-MORNING, M7.0 EARTHQUAKE STRIKES CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND 10 km focal depth on a strike-slip fault 4:35 am M7.0 SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 4, 2010

New Zealand is in the southwest Pacific Ocean astride the “ring of fire,” a distinct belt of volcanic and earthquake activity that surrounds the Pacific Ocean. New Zealand straddles the boundary between the Pacific and Indian- Australian plates.

To the north of New Zealand and beneath the eastern North Island, the thin, dense, Pacific plate moves down beneath the thicker, lighter Indian- Australian plate in a process known as subduction (i.e., reverse faulting). Within the South Island the plate margin is marked by the Alpine Fault and the plates rub past each other horizontally (i.e., strike-slip)

EPICENTER IN THE SOUTH ISLAND NEAR CHRISTCHURCH

EPICENTER: NEAR CHRISTCHURCH, NEW ZEALAND

PROBABILISTIC GROUND SHAKING MAP (CHRISTCHURCH IN YELLOW)

Every year, New Zealand experiences about 14,000 earthquakes, which are mostly small to moderate in size.

THE BASIC FAULT MODELS Strike-Slip Reverse Normal

TECTONIC DEFORMATION EARTHQUAKE TSUNAMI GROUND SHAKING FAULT RUPTURE FOUNDATION FAILURE SITE AMPLIFICATION LIQUEFACTION LANDSLIDESAFTERSHOCKSSEICHE DAMAGE/LOSS DAMAGE/ LOSS DAMAGE/LOSS

INADEQUATE RESISTANCE TO HORIZONTAL GROUND SHAKING EARTHQUAKES SOIL AMPLIFICATION PERMANENT DISPLACEMENT (SURFACE FAULTING & GROUND FAILURE) IRREGULARITIES IN ELEVATION AND PLAN FIRE FOLLOWING RUPTURE OF UTILITIES LACK OF DETAILING AND CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS INATTENTION TO NON- STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS CAUSES OF DAMAGE “DISASTER LABORATORIES”

In Christchurch, a city of 372,000, power and water services were knocked out, facades fell off buildings, homes businesses, and bridges were damaged by strong shaking, fires were ignited, and the Christchurch Airport was closed. Numerous injuries, but no deaths, largely due to the 4:35 a.m. time of occurrence, NOT the resilience of the buildings

DAMAGE: MOTORWAY

LOCAL GROUND FAILURE

A lot of damage occurred in the central city area comprised mainly of old brick and unreinforced masonry buildings.

DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

TYPICAL DAMAGE: UNREINFORCED MASONRY BUILDINGS

DAMAGE: CHRISTCHURCH

POUNDING

DAMAGE TO CARS

FIRE

The initial estimate of the cost to repair the damage was $1.5 billion. In the suburbs many houses had broken windows, toppled chimneys, cracked walls and interior damage (e.g., items thrown off shelves).

INDONESIA EXPERIENCES A TRIPLE DISASTER: EARTHQUAKE, TSUNAMI, AND VOLCANIC ERUPTION October – November 24, 2010

SEISMICITY MARKS THE PLATE BOUNDARIES

Sandwiched between two active earthquake belts, the Pacific “Ring of fire,” and the Alpide Belt, Indonesia experiences some of the most powerful earthquakes and volcanic eruptions on Earth.

Monday and Tuesday: Oct Indonesia endured two days of environmental extremes after a powerful earthquake, a tsunami, and a volcanic eruption struck the Java region of the Indonesian archipelago.

CASUALTIES: 538 ON OCT 26, BUT LIKELY TO RISE IN THE FUTURE The earthquake and tsunami run up left at least 500 dead, and the initial volcanic eruption left 38 dead, BUT, health impacts associated with Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption may have long-term impacts.

WILDFIRES UTAH

HERRIMAN, UTAH: SEPT 19, 2010

The fire started during live- ammunition machine gun training at the National Guard base, a fairly common happening

5,000 people were evacuated.

VOLCANIC ERUPTIONS MOUNT MERAPI, INDONESIA (Third part of a triple tragedy)

SCALE AND UNCERTAINTY OF MOUNT MERAPI’S ERUPTION CYCLE IS EXACERBATING HEALTH CARE NEEDS IN INDONESIA October 26 – November ?, 2010

INDONESIA: A NATION OF 256 MILLION PEOPLE, 17,500 ISLANDS AND 119 ACTIVE VOLCANOES

MOUNT MERAPI ERUPTED THREE TIMES: OCT 26, 2010

Monday and Tuesday: Oct Indonesia endured two days of environmental extremes after a powerful earthquake, a tsunami, and a volcanic eruption struck different regions of the Indonesian archipelago.

CASUALTIES: 538 NOW, BUT MORE LIKELY IN THE FUTURE The earthquake and tsunami run up left at least 500 dead, and Merapi’s initial eruption left 38 dead, BUT, health impacts associated with Mount Merapi’s continuing eruption could cause many more casualties.

MOUNT MERAPI --- BUT, MOUNT MERAPI, WHICH IS NOTORIOUSLY UNPREDICTABLE, WAS NOT FINISHED!

SATURDAY’S ERUPTION SPREAD ASH 30 KM: OCT 31

70,000 EVACUATED AS ERUPTION CONTINUES: NOV 2

ERUPTION CONTINUES : NOV 6

At least 94 people died when a gas cloud incinerated fleeing villagers and severely injured or impacted more than 200 others who suffered severe burns, respiratory problems from smoke inhalation, broken bones, and cuts..

NOV 15 th Approximately 30,000 of the more than 350,000 evacuees begin returning home to take care of livestock and to assess the feasibility of resuming their ibility former livelihoods

NOV 11: According to the National Disaster Management Agency, 194 deaths, 598 people are hospitalized, and 343,909 people have been evacuated to the safety zone, 12.4 miles (20 km) away from Merapi.

NOV 15 th Evacuees begin returning home to take care of livestock and to assess vitality of resuming their former livelihoods

AS OF NOV 16 th Merapi had emitted more than 140 million cubic meters of materials, higher than the 100 million cubic meters emitted in 1872 and the 14 million cubic meters emitted in 2006.

The month-long eruptions of Mount Merapi also damaged 867 hectares of forested land on the volcano`s slopes in Sleman District, Yogyakarta, with material losses estimated at Rp33 billion.

Deaths from the ongoing eruption of Mount Merapi continued to climb daily, going from: 38 (Oct 26) to 56 to 118 to 138 to 156 (Nov 8) to 190 (Nov 10) to 250 (Nov 14) to 275 (Nov 18).

NOV 18 th The Government spent an estimated $10 million to buy cattle as a means of keeping the farmers from returning home too soon to face almost certain health-care problems and death. NOV 19 th The Government declared that it will end the emergency response period for the Mount Merapi volcanic eruption disaster on November 24 th NOV 20 th Indonesia's Yogyakarta airport, which had been closed for about two weeks by the eruption of the Mount Merapi volcano, reopened for operations on Saturday, November 20.

FLOODS PAKISTAN (Complex Recovery continues)

OIL SPILLS AND LEAKS GULF OF MEXICO (MASSIVE CLEANUP CONTINUES)