The Industrial Revolution Write notes in green

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The Three Economic Questions People have unlimited want, but we have limited resources Must decide what to produce, how to produce it, and who should get it. Traditional, Command, Market

Free Enterprise System Economic Freedom=free enterprise system Can make your own economic decisions Many people can make the same thing giving you more choices Producers must improve their good to attract consumers The less efficient ones go out of business

Government interference is limited 3 questions are answered by the producers and the consumers Law of Supply and Demand – Supply=how much they make – Demand=how much people will buy – Determines prices and what is produced

Adam Smith Scottish professor Explained how the free enterprise system works “The Wealth of Nations” Explained how production benefits from the division of labor Each person pursues their own interests, but an “invisible hand” guides individual actions for the common good Laissez-faire policy

Effect Free enterprise plays a role in the Industrial Revolution Allowed investors and business owners to put their resources where they ahd the greatest benefit for the economy

Industrial Revolution Brought about fundamental changes in the way goods are made It introduced mass production (the large scale production of identical goods) and the use of new sources of energy to meet human needs.

Causes in Great Britain Geographic Advantages: COAL, many rivers and harbors Large Colonial Empire: access to raw materials Middle Class: promoted free enterprise and economic improvement Transportation and Communication Agriculture: less people have to farm

Innovations in Textile Manufacturing A series of British inventions triggered the Industrial Revolution. The revolution began in textiles and spread to other fields For several centuries, cotton and wool were pulled and twisted on a spinning wheel to make thread or yarn. The spinning jenny (1764) used a single wheel to control several spindles at a time Larger quantities of threads could soon be made quickly and inexpensively

James Watt improved the steam engine (1769) He created separate chambers for the steam to get hot and to cool down This made steam power available for mechanical purposes as well as let factories be built anywhere.

The shift from home to factory Before the Industrial Revolution people used the Domestic System (craftsmen worked at home) During the Revolution, large numbers of workers began working together in factories In factories, workers could be supervised and could use machines driven by water or steam power. The price of cloth decreased and the demand for textiles rose.

England’s plentiful supplies of coal and water provided the resources needed for steam power to run the factories. As the demand grew, more and more factories were built.

Working Conditions While factory owners grew richer and more powerful, the conditions of the new working class worsened. Early factories were often appalling places to work, with unsafe and unpleasant conditions. Work hours were long, and workers received barely enough pay to live on.

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Day 2

Urbanization Fewer workers were needed on farms because of the improvements to agriculture. With the shift of work to factories, large numbers of workers moved from their farms and homes to cities. This migration from rural areas to the city marked one of the largest population shifts in history. Cities became crowded and highly unsanitary. Factories polluted the air.

Transportation Improvements in transportation accelerated advances in industrialization. Steam engines were applied to steam boats in the early 1800s. They were also used to power locomotives, creating the first railroads in the 1820s. Railroads unified the economy of a region by linking cities, factories, towns, and the countryside together.

Changes in European Society A new middle class of capitalists, composed of merchants, landowners, and bankers emerged. These people helped to develop the free enterprise system (also known as capitalism)

Family Life In pre-industrial times, most people lived in villages. They were peasant farmers or craftsmen. Husbands and wives worked together and children learned from their parents. Few went to school. Industry changed all this

Men, women, and children began working in factories. Small children crawled in small places only they could reach. Less time was spent by family members together. People moved from villages into towns and cities.

Conditions became more crowded and whole families huddled into small apartments, sharing rooms. Many families had less access to fresh water, sunlight, and fresh air. Diseases like cholera and typhus could spread quickly.

The capitalist classes enjoyed fabulous wealth while the standard of living for workers initially worsened at the beginning of the industrial Revolution. Later, municipal reforms led to improvements in public water supply and sewage as well as introduced free public education for children. By the middle of the Revolution living conditions had improved.

Louis Pasteur Scientist that helped improve living conditions. Pasteur believed most diseases were caused by germs He was able to show how better sanitary practices, like washing hands and boiling instruments could reduce infection. He pioneered the heating of liquids to kill germs.

Reform Movements The changes caused by the Industrial Revolution brought about both social and political reforms, first in Great Britain and then in the rest of Europe.

Social Reforms The misery of the working classes and the injustices of capitalism began to disturb the conscience of the new middle class. They also feared working class violence. Parliament banned women and children from working in the mines, limited working hours to ten, and brought safer working conditions.

Social Reforms cont. Poor law reform established work houses for the unemployed. Queen Victoria was a popular monarch. She favored social reforms to help her subjects. She also favored many private efforts to help the poor.

Municipal Reforms Made cities cleaner and more healthful places to live. Public health officials improved the quality of drinking water and introduced sewer systems to make cities safer and to prevent the spread of diseases. Street lamps and police forces made cities safer. Introduced the first free public elementary schools

Workers’ Unions Some workers organized into unions and threatened to strike if they did not obtain higher wages and better conditions

Political Reforms The rising middle class of factory owners, merchants, and bankers demanded greater political power The Reform Bill of 1832 gave greater representation in Parliament to the towns and extended voting rights to the middle class. Thought this would avoid a revolution By the 19 th century, all adult males could vote in Britain, but not women

Working Conditions Primary Source

Day 3: City Activity Industrial Revolution Test at the end

The Urban Game The year is 1700 and the nation is England. The scene is a rural village.

draw a river across your paper connecting east to west; the river should be about 1 inch wide draw a simple wooden bridge crossing the river draw 2 roads one running north to south and crossing the river at the bridge and one running from east to west. Draw 10 houses; 1 church; 1 cemetery; 1 store; 1 pub; 1 coalmine

Add 1 factory (no smoke—it is powered by water). Remember, the cotton factory must be placed on the river bank. Don’t add any smoke to this factory!! Add 5 houses for workers

People move to your village to find work. Add 15 houses; 1 church, 1 pub, & 1 store. You may draw additional roads and 1 additional bridge.

Add 5 new factories (must be on the river bank as they need water power).

Housing is in great demand and for the first time a new kind of housing is constructed called Tenements. Here dozens of families reside under one roof. Add 5 Tenements.

It is now More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink, worship. We need the social support services to go along with the demand. Add 1 store, 1 pub, 1 church, & 1 school for those families wealthy enough to send their children (boys) to school.

It is now Workers work long, hard hours in the factories. Alcohol begins to be consumed throughout England in record amounts. Add 5 more pubs. Add 4 tenements.

The year is A man named James Watt invents a new machine called the steam engine. it allows factories to be built away from the river. Add 10 factories with smoke. Add smoke to all other pre-existing factories.

Larger factory districts appear which manufacture iron at low prices. Add 1 new coal mine and a new iron bridge to replace the old wooden one.

The year is Coal miners are busy mining coal. Add another coal mine. The work is dangerous and unhealthy. Children become victims of black lung, explosions, & accidents. They are malnourished and unable to exercise or eat properly. Casualty rates go up. Draw 1 cemetery.

Depressed, ashamed, and angry about their wives, and children toiling in factories, many men turn to crime, and the social life of the pub. For the first time in England’s history, alcoholism appears in epidemic proportions. Family life that existed for hundreds of years in England is disrupted. Add 1 jail & 2 pubs and 2 tenements.

It is Let’s look at the working conditions in the factories. Working conditions in either of these two were appalling. Many workers contacted the deadly factory fever or white lung disease. It was probably a variety of lung ailments: cancer, tuberculosis, emphysema, etc… Other workers were injured on the job in factory accidents.. Add 2 hospitals and 1 more cemetery.

It is There are no pollution controls so the air in your community looks dark. Your city is overcrowded and shrouded in factory smoke. Suicide rates double, then triple. Add 1 cemetery, 1 jail, 1 hospital to accommodate the victims of urban life.

It is Thousands of these folk leave their villages (where their ancestors had lived for hundreds of years) and move to towns and cities looking for work to feed their families. Add 20 houses, 5 tenements, 2 stores, 1 church, 5 factories, and 1 pub.

What does your city look like? How do you think life in the city was like for most people? How is the way your city looks different from the way our cities today look?