History of the Ancient and Medieval World The Byzantine Empire Title taken from Edward Gibbon’s (1776) book of same name. Walsingham Academy Mrs. McArthur Room 111

“Heirs” to Rome What emerged from the Roman Empire? Byzantine Empire (East Rome, Greeks) Islam Germanic Kingdoms

I. Plot 8 of 9 elements on map Bosporus Constantinople Asia Minor Jerusalem Dardanelles Aegean Sea Black Sea Balkan peninsula Rome II. Identify and explain the importance of the heavy black line on map.

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe Section 1: The Byzantine Empire Witness History Audio: A Sovereign City Constantine Creates a “New Rome” Roman emperor Constantine rebuilt Byzantium, a trading port on the Bosporus strait, and named it Constantinople. It became the “New Rome” and its empire was the Byzantine Empire. This civilization blended ancient Greek, Roman, and Christian influences with other Mediterranean traditions. Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the crusaders of 1203 open their eyes wide with wonder when they first saw Constantinople?” (They had never seen so rich and large a city.) When showing Color Transparency 52, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. When showing Color Transparency 53, explain that one of the controversies that led to the Great Schism was over the purpose of icons such as this one. When showing Color Transparency 51, point out the areas on the map that were mainly Roman Catholic and those areas that were mainly Orthodox Christian. When showing Color Transparency 54, Discuss how the rise and fall of the Byzantine empire was both similar to and different from that of other empires, such as Rome, that students have studied. Color Transparency 52: Byzantine Art Note Taking Transparency 84 Witness History Video: The Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe Section 1: The Byzantine Empire Byzantium Flourishes Under Justinian Under emperor Justinian, the Byzantine empire reached its peak and included North Africa, Italy, and the southern Iberian peninsula. Constantinople was rebuilt after a fire and became a grand city, with its jewel being the church of Hagia Sophia. Justinian also revised and organized the laws of ancient Rome into Justinian’s Code, which he used to unify the empire. Byzantium’s economy and military grew to be among the strongest in the world. Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the crusaders of 1203 open their eyes wide with wonder when they first saw Constantinople?” (They had never seen so rich and large a city.) When showing Color Transparency 52, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. When showing Color Transparency 53, explain that one of the controversies that led to the Great Schism was over the purpose of icons such as this one. When showing Color Transparency 51, point out the areas on the map that were mainly Roman Catholic and those areas that were mainly Orthodox Christian. When showing Color Transparency 54, Discuss how the rise and fall of the Byzantine empire was both similar to and different from that of other empires, such as Rome, that students have studied.

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe Section 1: The Byzantine Empire Byzantine Christianity Byzantine Christians rejected the pope’s authority and clergy had the right to marry. Greek became the language of the Church and the main holy day was Easter. In the 700s, a Byzantine emperor outlawed the worshiping of icons. That and other controversies caused a split between eastern and western Christianity. Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the crusaders of 1203 open their eyes wide with wonder when they first saw Constantinople?” (They had never seen so rich and large a city.) When showing Color Transparency 52, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. When showing Color Transparency 53, explain that one of the controversies that led to the Great Schism was over the purpose of icons such as this one. When showing Color Transparency 51, point out the areas on the map that were mainly Roman Catholic and those areas that were mainly Orthodox Christian. When showing Color Transparency 54, Discuss how the rise and fall of the Byzantine empire was both similar to and different from that of other empires, such as Rome, that students have studied. Color Transparency 53: Byzantine Icon Color Transparency 51: Major Religions, About 1300 Geography Interactive: Byzantine Empire to 1000

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe Section 1: The Byzantine Empire The Empire Suffers Crisis and Collapse When local lords gained more power within the empire, its enemies saw weakness. Whole regions were conquered. The First Crusade was an effort to defeat the Seljuk Turks who had closed access to Jerusalem. Later Western crusades also turned on Constantinople. The Ottomans finally took the city and renamed it Istanbul. Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the crusaders of 1203 open their eyes wide with wonder when they first saw Constantinople?” (They had never seen so rich and large a city.) When showing Color Transparency 52, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. When showing Color Transparency 53, explain that one of the controversies that led to the Great Schism was over the purpose of icons such as this one. When showing Color Transparency 51, point out the areas on the map that were mainly Roman Catholic and those areas that were mainly Orthodox Christian. When showing Color Transparency 54, Discuss how the rise and fall of the Byzantine empire was both similar to and different from that of other empires, such as Rome, that students have studied.

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe Section 1: The Byzantine Empire The Byzantine Heritage For 1,000 years Byzantine culture had brought together Christian religious beliefs with Greek science, philosophy, arts, and literature. Byzantine art, such as the mosaics of biblical scenes, influenced later Western styles. Listen to the Witness History audio. Then read aloud the main idea for each subheading in this section and show the related visuals. After listening to the Witness History audio, ask, “Why did the crusaders of 1203 open their eyes wide with wonder when they first saw Constantinople?” (They had never seen so rich and large a city.) When showing Color Transparency 52, use the lesson suggested in the transparency book to guide a discussion. When showing Color Transparency 53, explain that one of the controversies that led to the Great Schism was over the purpose of icons such as this one. When showing Color Transparency 51, point out the areas on the map that were mainly Roman Catholic and those areas that were mainly Orthodox Christian. When showing Color Transparency 54, Discuss how the rise and fall of the Byzantine empire was both similar to and different from that of other empires, such as Rome, that students have studied. Color Transparency 54: Rise and Decline of the Byzantine Empire QuickTake Section Quiz Progress Monitoring Transparency

Color Transparency 52: Byzantine Art

Note Taking Transparency 84

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: Section 1 Color Transparency 53: Byzantine Icon

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: Section 1 Color Transparency 51: Major Religions, About 1300

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: Section 1 Color Transparency 54: Rise and Decline of the Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: Section 1 Progress Monitoring Transparency (1 of 2)

The Byzantine Empire, Russia, and Eastern Europe: Section 1 Progress Monitoring Transparency (2 of 2)

Assignment 1 (due 1/3) Complete map Read text, pp. 282, 283, 285. Take notes following directions and sample, bottom of pp 282, Note Taking. Identify terms: Constantinople, Justinian, Theodora, Justinian’s Code, autocrat Constantinople: City of Constantine (330) sitting on crossroads between Europe and Asia – great trading routes Justinian: Ruled between 527-565 and was determined to revive ancient Rome by recovering lands that had fallen to barbarians. His victories bankrupted the treasury, weakened his own defenses and were temporary. Justinian Code: A massive collection of civil law that revised and organized ancient Roman law. It did not find its way to western Europe until the 1100s where it was to influence medieval monarchs by allowing them to strengthen and consolidate their power. It has guided legal scholars in the formation of international law. Autocrat: a sole, absolute ruler. (self ruling – doesn’t owe allegiance to someone else.) Pp: 285 The Byzantine emperor had power over the church – he was Christ’s co-ruler on Earth. “The Emperor is equal to all men in the nature of his body; but in the authority of his rank, he is similar to God, who rules all.” Jan. 2-4: Check SCA on SPA and report any discrepancies: Last Chance before finalizing Term 2 grades! Jan. 4-8: Homework Exam Study Period Jan. 7-8: In-Class Review Time Jan. 9: Semester Exam

Assignment 2 (due 1/4) Read pp. 284, and sections: Byzantine Christianity and The Empire Suffers Crisis and Collapse, pp. 285-287 of your text. Identify terms: patriarch, icon, Great Schism Complete Note Taking Chart Map Skills: pp 286 Jan. 2-4: Check SCA on SPA and report any discrepancies: : Last Chance before finalizing Term 2 grades! Jan. 4-8: Homework Exam Study Period Jan. 7-8: In-Class Review Time Jan. 9: Semester Exam

In Summary: Contemporary Testimony Location, Location, Location: An asset becomes a liability Read Sozeman’s account of “The City,” pp 283. From what you’ve learned what difference did location make? How does he describe the city? How could such a location become a liability in the later period? Justinian Reforms Roman Law Why is this one of Byzantium’s most important legacies?

How did the Byzantine Empire get its name? How did Constantinople get its name? What 5 things protected the city? What was Greek Fire? What church strengthened the empire and how? Explain two factors that divided the Churches of Rome and Constantinople Name the title of the major leaders of each church. Who was Justinian? Explain why Justinian is remembered as the greatest Byzantine emperor.

Question 1 Explain what is meant when the term byzantine is applied to politics? What is the historical origin of this meaning?

Question 2 In what ways did geography promote the success of Constantinople?

Question 3 Why is Justinian considered to be the Byzantine Empire’s most important emperor? What were his short-term and long-term accomplishments?