VISUALIZIN G Prepared By: Dawn More, Algonquin College

Chapter 9: Lifestyle Development I Media Enhanced PowerPoint  Presentation Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 2

Lecture Overview Studying Development Physical Development Cognitive Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 3

Studying Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 1.Summarize the three most important issues or questions in developmental psychology. 2.Define maturation and critical periods. 3.Contrast the cross-sectional research method with the longitudinal research method. 4.Explain the advantages and limitations of crosssectional and longitudinal research. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: 4

Studying Development: Key Theoretical Debates Developmental Psychology: studies age- related changes in behaviour and mental processes from conception to death – Nature vs. Nurture: heredity vs. environment – Continuity vs. Stages: continuous and gradual vs. periods of abrupt change followed by periods of little change – Stability vs. Change: characteristics maintained vs. characteristics vary over time Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd5

Studying Development: Key Theoretical Debates (Continued) What position on these debates is most correct? The interactionist perspective, which recently evolved into the biopsychosocial model. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd6

Pause and Reflect: Critical Thinking Behaviourist John Watson said: “Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in, and I'll guarantee to take anyone at random and train them to become any type of specialist I might select— doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors.” (Boakes, 1984, pp. 226) Do you agree? Why or why not? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd7

Studying Development: Research Methods Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd8

Studying Development: Research Methods Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd9

Studying Development: Cultural Guidelines for Developmental Research Culture may be the most important determinant. Development cannot be studied outside its sociocultural context. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd10

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.Describe the three key areas of debate in developmental psychology. 2.What are the key differences between cross-sectional and longitudinal research? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd11

Physical Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 1.Describe the three phases of prenatal physical development. 2.Identify some important teratogens and their effects on prenatal development. 3.Summarize physical development during early childhood. 4.Describe the physical changes that occur during adolescence and adulthood. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 12

Physical Development: Three Stages of Prenatal Development Germinal Period: conception to uterine implantation Embryonic Period: uterine implantation through the eighth week Fetal Period: eighth week until birth Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd13

Physical Development: Hazards to Prenatal Development Teratogens: environmental agents that cause damage during prenatal development by crossing the placental barrier – Categories of teratogens include: Legal and illegal drugs Diseases and malnutrition Exposure to x-rays and stress exposure Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd14

Physical Development: Hazards to Prenatal Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd15

Physical Development: Early Childhood Three key areas of early childhood development: brain, motor, sensory/perceptual development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd16

Physical Development: Lifespan Changes in Body Proportions Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd Figure

Physical Development: Brain Development As a child grows, neurons grow in size and the number of dendrites and axons increase. 18Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd

Physical Development: Early Childhood Milestones in motor development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd19

Physical Development: Sensory and Perceptual Development Smell, taste, touch, and hearing are well developed at birth. Vision is developed poorly at birth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd20

Physical Development: Adolescence and Puberty Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd21

Physical Development: Adulthood Middle age: – Female Menopause – Male Climacteric Late adulthood: – Primary aging: gradual, inevitable changes versus age changes due to disease, disuse, or neglect – Secondary aging: changes resulting from disease, disuse, or neglect Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd22

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1.____ are environmental agents that may lead to birth defects. 2.The senses of _____, ______, _____, and _____ are all well developed at birth. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd23

Cognitive Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd 1.Explain the role of schemas, assimilation, and accommodation in cognitive development. 2.Describe the major characteristics of Piaget’s four stages of cognitive development. 3.Discuss two critiques of Piaget’s theory. LEARNING OBJECTIVES 24

Cognitive Development Jean Piaget believed infants begin at a cognitively “primitive” level and progress in distinct stages. Piaget’s schemas are the most basic unit of intellect, which act as patterns that organize interactions with the environment. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd25

Cognitive Development Schemas grow and change due to: – Assimilation: absorbing new information into existing schemas – Accommodation: adjusting old schemas or developing new ones to better fit with new information Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd26

Cognitive Development: Piaget’s Four Stages Sensorimotor: birth to 2 years Preoperational: 2 to 7 years Concrete Operational: 7 to 11 years Formal Operational: 11 years and up Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd27

Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd28

Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd29

Pause and Reflect: Check & Review 1._____ act as patterns that organize interactions with the environment. 2.Assimilation occurs when _____, whereas accommodation involves _____. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd30

Multimedia Nature, Nurture and Early Brain Development For some time, we have known that development results from the dynamic interplay of nature and nurture. From birth on, we grow and learn because our biology is programmed to do so and because our social and physical environment provides stimulation. Set In Your Ways Contrary to popular belief, your personality may not be set in stone by the time you’re thirty. As this ScienCentral News video reports, a survey by psychologists shows some traits may keep changing in later years. Nova Online Morphing Embryos Psychological Science The Department of Psychological Science offers a wide range of courses, educational resources, student activities and continuing education opportunities. Our courses emphasize the scientific study of behavior and mental processes and are designed to help students understand more about themselves and others. Additionally, our diverse faculty provide students with a variety of approaches and experiences, which will help them flourish in a global society. The Visible Embryo The Visible Embryo is a visual guide through fetal development from fertilization through pregnancy to birth. As the most profound physiologic changes occur in the "first trimester" of pregnancy, these Carnegie stages are given prominence on the birth spiral. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd31 Web Links

Multimedia Sick Kids - Motherisk Frequently Asked Questions Teratogens Teratogens are substances found in the environment that can cause a birth defect. There are many different teratogens, and some are listed in the directory below, for which we have provided a brief overview. The Growth Cone Probably one of the most amazing things about the way the nervous system develops is how the growing axons find their target cells, even though these cells are often located millimetres or even centimetres away (a vast distance on this scale). The source of this ability is the growth cone, a structure at the tip of each elongating axon. Brain Connections Scientists have discovered that not only does your brain go through growth spurts; it also goes though periods of pruning. This ScienCentral News video has more. Learning from Babies Scientific researchers who use human subjects in their work rely on their ability to speak or write to find out what they want to know. But as this Sciencentral News video reports, researchers who learn from babies don't have that luxury. Interactive Body Welcome to Teen Species Younger Brains Neuroscientists may have found why the brain slows down in old age. As this ScienCentral News video reports, researchers were able to temporarily reverse aging in the brains of monkeys. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd32 Web Links

Multimedia The Longevity Game How long can you expect to live? We developed the Longevity Game to give you a peek into your future by identifying the factors that can lead to a healthier, more productive life. Piaget’s Model of Cognitive Development How does human knowledge develop? Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget devoted his entire life to this question. His studies, spread out over nearly 60 years, laid the foundations for the vast research field of genetic epistemology, which attempts to understand how our modes of thinking evolve over the course of our lives. Piaget’s Stages Piaget was among other things, a psychologist who was interested in cognitive development. After observation of many children, he posited that children progress through 4 stages and that they all do so in the same order. These four stages are described below. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd33 Web Links

Multimedia Fetal Alcohol Hope (1:46) Despite warnings, some women still drink alcohol while pregnant, and each year thousands of babies are born brain damaged. Child’s Play (1:50) Are the kids getting on your nerves? Maybe you shouldn’t come down too hard on their playing around. Learning to Walk (1:27) Learning to walk also means learning about the world. But kids with Down syndrome get a late start on walking, and on some of that learning. As this ScienCentral News video reports, one researcher is looking at ways to change that. Hearing Screening (1:41) As many as one in one thousand babies born completely deaf every year. Another two or three per thousand have some hearing loss. As this ScienCentral News video reports, one researcher is calling for hearing screenings for newborns because the earlier hearing loss is discovered, the better. Learning from Babies (1:42) Scientific researchers who use human subjects in their work rely on their ability to speak or write to find out what they want to know. But as this Sciencentral News video reports, researchers who learn from babies don’t have that luxury. Teen Brains on Alcohol (1:43) A highly anticipated report from the National Academy of Sciences on underage drinking is due out soon, and groups on all sides of the issue are ready to debate its contents. While the report itself is still secret, much of the science is not. This ScienCentral report focuses on one issue sure to be examined— the impact of alcohol on young drinkers' brains. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd34 Videos

Multimedia Brain Pills (1:46) You may have used over-the-counter pills like ibuprofen for pain. Now neuroscientists have found that some of these common painkillers may be more useful than you think. Older Women and Exercise (1:19) We know that exercise can help us feel young and stay healthy. But neuroscientists say it can help us stay mentally young as well. Lifespan Genes (1:36) We all know that diet and exercise can help us live longer and healthier. For many of us that’s easier said than done. Will there ever be a drug that can help us stay young longer? This ScienCentral News video reports that there is hope, and some scientists say the key to a long life may be a single gene. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd35 Videos

Multimedia Piaget and Cognitive Development If you handed a baby a musical instrument, what would he do with it? How about a 4-year old? How about a teenager? Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Canada Ltd36 Animations

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