Chapter 16 The Civil War 1861 - 1865

In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation? Essential Question In what ways did the Civil War transform the nation?

I. The War Begins - Lincoln pleads with the South to reunite the Union – no need for bloodshed or violence “We are not enemies, but friends. We must not be enemies.” Fort Sumter – a federal fort in South Carolina – was running short of supplies Lincoln says that a ship coming down to the fort only has food – no weapons or soldiers!

Outbreak of War Confederate President Jefferson Davis decides that fort protects Charleston (an important city) and must not stay in Northern hands Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard asks for the fort’s surrender – Major Robert Anderson refuses and the Confederates open fire on April 12, 1861 Anderson surrenders 30 hours later – the Civil War begins!

Lincoln’s War Plan (Anaconda Plan) 1. Hold on to the border states that still had slavery (Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky, Delaware) 2. Suspend the right of Habeas Corpus: protects people from being held in prison unlawfully 3. Placed Missouri under Martial Law: rule by the Army to keep it in the Union 4. Placed a naval blockade of the South to prevent imports to or exports from Confederate ports 5. To capture the Confederate capital of Richmond, a way of ending the war early by capturing its main city 6. Wanted control of the Mississippi River to split the Confederacy into two and control its major waterway

Resources for War North (Federal/Union) Twice the farmland 85% of nation’s factories 92% of manufactured goods 71% of nation’s railroads A navy Twice the population South (Confederate/Rebel) Nation’s best military leaders Fighting a defensive war on their soil Cotton diplomacy: Great Britain would support Confederacy because they needed the South’s cotton

Training the Soldiers North = blue South = brownish gray Many soldiers were volunteers with no idea how to fight – many were young Springfield and Enfield rifles Two-person tents

Life for Soldiers Old style fighting produced massive casualties No medicines to stop infection or disease Many soldiers had arms and legs amputated without painkillers Prison camps were tightly packed, horrible, starvation, disease

II. War in the East Virginia First Battle of Bull Run Union General = Irvin McDowell Confederate Generals = Pierre Beauregard and Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson Manassas, Virginia – July 21, 1861 Congressmen and senators came to watch the battle and have a picnic, very sure about a Union victory Confederates defeat the Union – soldiers run into congressmen and senators during retreat KEY: shocked Northerners into realizing this will not be a short war and gave the Confederates a false sense of confidence

Virginia – Peninsular Campaign Union General George McClellan Confederate General Robert E. Lee May – June, 1862 McClellan attempts to capture Richmond by invading southern Virginia McClellan stopped by Robert E. Lee and Joseph Johnston at the Seven Days’ Battles

Virginia – Second Battle of Bull Run Union General John Pope Confederate General Robert E. Lee August 29, 1862 Manassas, Virginia Lee surprises Pope at the Second Battle at Bull Run – many Union casualties

Battle of Antietam Union General George McClellan vs. Confederate General Robert E. Lee Antietam Creek, Maryland – September 17, 1862 Lee planned on invading the North to capture Washington, D.C. and solicit aid from France and England

Battle of Antietam Bloodiest single day of the war – 24,000 casualties – a draw More casualties than the Revolution, War of 1812, and Mexican War combined KEY: battle ends Lee’s advance to the North and ends chances for foreign aid

Clash of the Ironclads Ironclads: ships heavily armored with iron Confederates create the C.S.S. Virginia from the hull of an old ship called the Merrimac New ship would destroy the Union blockade

Clash of the Ironclads Union creates their own iron ship – the U.S.S. Monitor Norfolk Harbor – March 9, 1862 Both ships battle to a draw KEY: Iron ships would replace wooden ones – changed naval warfare forever

III. War in the West The Battles of Fort Henry and Fort Donelson Union General Ulysses S. Grant captures Confederate forts Henry and Donelson on the Cumberland River in Tennessee Wants to capture the Mississippi River “Unconditional Surrender” Grant

Battle of Shiloh Shiloh, Tennessee – April 6-7, 1862 KEY: Grant is determined not to retreat and drives the Confederates toward the Mississippi River Shiloh was the bloodiest battle in the West Earns Grant the reputation of being a “butcher”

The Fall of New Orleans Largest city in the Confederacy and gateway to Mississippi River Admiral David Farragut disguised his ships with mud and trees to race past two forts guarding New Orleans Captured the city on April 29, 1862

Siege of Vicksburg Union General Ulysses S. Grant led a siege (surround) at Vicksburg, a Mississippi River outpost – starved the citizens of the city Vicksburg surrendered on July 4, 1863 KEY: A turning point – Mississippi River now in Union hands

IV. Daily Life During the War Emancipation Proclamation: Lincoln needed the proclamation to Deprive the South of their labor force Keep foreign nations out of the war End slavery issue once and for all Issued after the Battle of Antietam to avoid appearing desperate KEY: the Proclamation freed slaves in REBELLING states and changed a focus of the war to freeing the slaves

African Americans in the War African Americans could join after the Proclamation – 186,000 enlisted – contrabands: escaped slaves who could join the Union Army Black soldiers were discriminated against by white soldiers, including less pay 1863 – black soldiers of the 54th Massachusetts Regiment attack Confederate Fort Wagner, South Carolina – the fort was never taken and the 54th lost half its men

Opposition to the War President Jefferson Davis lacked the cooperation of other Confederate states for much needed soldiers and supplies Riots over the Draft, a system that requires men to serve in the military, occurred in both the North and South – could avoid the draft IF you had $300 or hired a substitute Copperheads: Northerners who sympathized with the South and opposed abolition

Life as a Civilian Once the war started, women in both North and South took over family farms and businesses Others became nurses to help the wounded, both in hospitals and on battlefields Clara Barton: founder of the American Red Cross

V. The Tide of War Turns Battle of Fredericksburg December, 1862 – Lee defeats Union General Ambrose Burnside at Fredericksburg, Virginia Battle of Chancellorsville May, 1863 – Lee defeats Union General Joseph Hooker at Chancellorsville, Virginia

“Stonewall” Jackson is Killed Confederate General Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson was shot by his own men He was the best soldier in the Confederate army KEY: Lee decides to again invade the North with the hope that foreign nations will enter the war

Battle of Gettysburg Day 1 – July 1, 1863 Confederate raiding party runs into Union cavalry – fighting starts Union soldiers under General George Meade entrench themselves on Cemetery Ridge and Culp’s Hill Confederate soldiers occupy positions on Seminary Hill

Battle of Gettysburg Day 2 – July 2, 1863 Lee orders attack on Union left side by Little Round Top Confederates stopped at Little Round Top by Union Colonel Joshua Chamberlain Union positions hold strong against other Confederate attacks

Battle of Gettysburg Day 3 – July 3, 1863 Lee decides to attack the center of Union lines at Cemetery Ridge Sends General George Pickett to attack – “Pickett’s Charge” Confederates soundly defeated – retreat to Virginia the next day The major turning point of the Civil War

Aftermath of Gettysburg Lee’s troops never again launch an attack in the North Ends chances of foreign aid for the South November 19, 1863, Lincoln issues The Gettysburg Address: praised the bravery of Union soldiers and renewed his commitment to winning the war

Wilderness Campaign in the East Grant named commander of all Union forces in 1864, brought East to take on Lee Wilderness Campaign: series battles designed to capture Richmond Grant suffers heavy losses, but continues to push through Virginia knowing Lee could not replace his losses

Sherman Strikes the South Union General Sherman captures Atlanta on Sept. 2, 1864 – Sherman marches to Savannah, leaving a path of destruction – then moves north to Virginia Total War: destroying civilian and economic resources Sherman’s destruction of the South created a lot of resentment

Total War - Richmond

The South Surrenders Union troops capture Richmond on April 3, 1865 Lee decides that further fighting would be useless – on April 9, 1865, Lee surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia Grant allows Lee’s soldiers to keep their horses, and gives Confederates some food Cost of the War: Union was saved – 620,000 men died – bloodiest war in the history of the nation

Lincoln’s Reconstruction Plan Lincoln wanted to forgive rather than punish the South A former Confederate state could enter the Union again if: 10% of the population takes a loyalty oath – new government elected They ratified the 13th Amendment to the Constitution which abolished slavery

Lincoln’s Assassination On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was assassinated Place: Ford’s Theater, Washington, D.C. Assassin: John Wilkes Booth Result: The North blames the South for the war and Lincoln’s death – “The South must be punished!”