Data Management, Data Assimilation and Modeling David R. Maidment Director, Center for Research in Water Resources University of Texas at Austin Presented at Subcommittee on Water Availability and Quality National Science and Technology Council Washington DC, April 12, 2007 Water Availability

Water Availability in Texas Water Availability in Australia Water Use in the United States National Monitoring and Modeling System

Water Availability Water Availability in Texas Water Availability in Australia Water Availability in the United States National Monitoring and Modeling System

Water Availability in Texas 1996 Texas drought –Governor Bush asks “how much water do we have? How much are we using? How much do we need?” -- Ooops. No good answers! 1997 Senate Bill 1 passed by Legislature –Regionalizes water planning in Texas and establishes surface water availability modeling 2001 Senate Bill 2 passed by Legislature –Establishes groundwater availability modeling and initiates instream flow assessment

Improvements from Senate Bill 1: Water Modeling and Planning Before Senate Bill 1, water planning was done state-wide by TWDB SB1 established 14 water planning regional groups, who are now responsible for planning water supply in their area Water Availability Modeling (TNRCC)

Improvements from Senate Bill 1: Water Availability Modeling Rio Grande Colorado Brazos Sulphur Trinity Nueces City of Austin 8000 water right locations 23 main river basins Inform every permit holder of the degree of reliability of their withdrawal during drought conditions (TCEQ)

Water Rights in the Sulphur Basin Water right location Stream gage location Drainage areas delineated from Digital Elevation Models are used to estimate flow at water right locations based on flow at stream gage locations

CRWR Mission for Senate Bill 1 CRWR (UT Austin) aids in the response to Senate Bill 1 by providing to TNRCC watershed parameters defined from geospatial data for each water right location These data are input by TCEQ contractors to a Water Rights Assessment Package (developed at TAMU) which determines the % chance that the water will actually be available at that location TCEQ sends the owner of the water right a letter specifying the availability of water

Water Availability Maps and Charts (from WRAP model output) Plot a map for a time point Plot a graph for a space point SpaceTime A set of variables …… Space-Time Datasets

Groundwater Availability Models (Modflow)

Texas Summary A state-wide geospatial data system Monthly simulation models for surface and groundwater availability for major river basins and aquifers Challenges –Surface and groundwater are modeled independently –Modeling is not “real-time”

Water Availability Water Availability in Texas Water Availability in Australia Water Use in the United States National Monitoring and Modeling System

CUAHSI Observations Data Model Space-Time Datasets Sensor and laboratory databases

Australia Summary Prime Minister Howard has established a 10-year, $10 billion plan for “water security” Includes $480 million for an Australian Water Resources Information System Rob Vertessy will lead this effort Focus on water use: “You can’t manage what you don’t measure”

Water Availability Water Availability in Texas Water Availability in Australia Water Use in the United States National Monitoring and Modeling System

1 State Water Use Databases - Survey undertaken with the assistance of USGS water use specialists Category 1 (10 states) –Arkansas, Delaware, Hawaii, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New Hampshire, Vermont Category 2 (12 states) –Alabama, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, Mississippi, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, Utah, Virginia Category 3 (28 states + PR) –Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Washington, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming Category 2 3 Monthly data on surface and groundwater with all diversion points known Annual data A mixture

Arkansas Site-Specific Water-Use Database ~50,000 points with monthly water withdrawal estimates

Surface and Groundwater Points Groundwater: 39,100 pointsSurface water: 5,600 points Data are reported to AWSCC in acre-ft per month or year Data are reported to USGS national summary in MGD

Number of Samples Required Arkansas, irrigation from groundwater Desired standard error = 549,273 MG requires 111 samples Random sampling: Total use = 5,492,730 MG % Standard Error No. of Samples 10%111 5%445 1%8600

National Water-Use Databases EPA SDWIS Public Water Supply Surface Water Intakes (Marilee Horn, USGS) Economic and Population Data (Bureau of Economic Analysis) Industrial wastewater dischargers. (T. Dabolt, EPA)

US Water Use Summary Water use data varies widely by state Stratified random sampling is very efficient, especially for irrigation water use from groundwater Large national datasets of withdrawal and discharge points to surface waters exist at EPA

Water Availability Water Availability in Texas Water Availability in Australia Water Use in the United States National Monitoring and Modeling System

Animation

Water Resource Regions and HUC’s

NHDPlus for Region 17E

NHDPlus Reach Catchments ~ 3km 2

Reach Attributes Slope Elevation Mean annual flow –Corresponding velocity Drainage area % of upstream drainage area in different land uses Stream order

Groundwater Wells in USGS National Water Information System (NWIS) 1,122,738 wells (CUAHSI catalog not complete yet)

Texas Wells Database (Texas Water Development Board) 132,195 wells

NWIS + Texas wells

Wells in Arizona 43,016 wells Arizona Groundwater Site Inventory (ADWR-USGS) 33,868 wells Arizona Well Registry (ADWR)

NWIS + Arizona wells Build a federated National Wells Information System

Hydrologic Science Hydrologic conditions (Fluxes, flows, concentrations) Hydrologic Process Science (Equations, simulation models, prediction) Hydrologic Information Science (Observations, data models, visualization Hydrologic environment (Dynamic earth) Physical laws and principles (Mass, momentum, energy, chemistry) It is as important to represent hydrologic environments precisely with data as it is to represent hydrologic processes with equations

National Hydrologic Information System The CUAHSI Hydrologic Information System (HIS) is a geographically distributed network of hydrologic data sources and functions that are integrated using web services so that they function as a connected whole.

Observation Stations Ameriflux Towers (NASA & DOE)NOAA Automated Surface Observing System USGS National Water Information SystemNOAA Climate Reference Network Map for the US

Observations Catalog Specifies what variables are measured at each site, over what time interval, and how many observations of each variable are available

Point Observations Information Model Data Source Network Sites Variables Values {Value, Time, Qualifier} USGS Streamflow gages Neuse River near Clayton, NC Discharge, stage (Daily or instantaneous) 206 cfs, 13 August 2006 A data source operates an observation network A network is a set of observation sites A site is a point location where one or more variables are measured A variable is a property describing the flow or quality of water A value is an observation of a variable at a particular time A qualifier is a symbol that provides additional information about the value

Locations Variable Codes Date Ranges WaterML and WaterOneFlow GetSiteInfo GetVariableInfo GetValues WaterOneFlow Web Service Client STORET NAM NWIS Data Repositories Data EXTRACT TRANSFORM LOAD WaterML WaterML is an XML language for communicating water data WaterOneFlow is a set of web services based on WaterML

NWIS ArcGIS Excel NCAR Unidata NASA Storet NCDC Ameriflux Matlab AccessJava Fortran Visual Basic C/C++ Some operational services CUAHSI Web Services Data Sources Applications Extract Transform Load

HIS Server and Analyst HIS Server Implemented at San Diego Supercomputer Center and at academic departments and research centers Implemented by individual hydrologic scientists using their own analysis environments HIS Analyst Web Services Sustainable – industrial strength technology Flexible – any operating system, model, programming language or application Details of HIS Analyst are here Animation

Data Cube Space, L Time, T Variables, V D “What” “Where” “When” A simple data model

Continuous Space-Time Model – NetCDF (Unidata) Space, L Time, T Variables, V D Coordinate dimensions {X} Variable dimensions {Y}

mm / 3 hours Precipitation Evaporation North American Regional Reanalysis of Climate Variation during the day, July 2003 NetCDF format

Space, FeatureID Time, TSDateTime Variables, TSTypeID TSValue Discrete Space-Time Data Model ArcHydro

OpenMI Conceptual Framework VALUES Interconnection of dynamic simulation models Space, L Time, T Variables, V D €10 million project sponsored by European Commission

Hydrologic Flux Coupler Precipitation Evaporation Streamflow Define the fluxes and flows associated with each hydrovolume Groundwater recharge

ArcGIS ModelBuilder Application for Automated Water Balancing Fields Series Geospatial

Continental Water Dynamics Model Use 50,000 processor supercomputer to determine flow simultaneously in 2.3 million reaches and water bodies of the United States and update using real-time measurements