Natasha Rodriguez Julissa Antigua Harvest of Empire: Dominicans: From the Duarte to the George Washington Bridge Natasha Rodriguez Julissa Antigua

Timeline May 30, 1961 — “El Jefe”, General Rafael Leonidas Trujillo was assassinated Mid 1960s — Dominican Diaspora April 1965 — uprising that lead to first democratically elected president 1961-1986 — 400,000+ Dominicans legally immigrate to the US; 44,000 move to Puerto Rico 1990 — 300,000+ Dominicans live in NYC Expected total: 700,000 by early millennium One of the largest migrations to the US in the past 40 years [pg. 117] 1990s—Dominicans are 2nd largest Hispanic group in northeast July 4, 1992 — first Dominican riot in US

Trujillo Ruled from 1930-1961 Bloody rein Assassinated by fellow officers in Samana Kennedy and CIA ousted Trujillo Trujillo was previously supported by US Corrupt — connections gave you privilege Access to Passports were very hard to come by http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dsrk bRwbpqQ

Post-Trujillo Juan Bosch: first democratically elected president (1965) Land reform and communist movement  friction with sugar growers and US Overthrown after 7 months in office; exiled in Puerto Rico Colonel Francisco Caamaño: led revolt to bring Bosch back to power Most radical group of Spanish speaking immigrants in US history

Caamaño! Caamaño: son of infamous general during Trujillo-era Constitutionalists: Bosch supporters Loyalists: opponents

Corruption “Telephones were tapped, hotel rooms were wired with microphones. Mail was opened, cables scrutinized. Worst of all, as the dictator’s secret informers seeped throughout the land, no man could know whether his neighbor, or his lifelong friends, or even his brother or son or wife, might inform against him…Everyone feared. No one trusted anyone.” [pg.120-121] Second night of revolt: military planes dropped bombs on downtown Third day of revolt: air force attacked Duarte bridge 50+ people were killed Constitutionalists still held gateway to city Civilian support for rebels plummeted, government soldiers dropped posts, generals surrendered April 28: President Lyndon Johnson sent marines US officials leaked wrongful claims that Communists controlled rebellion and Americans were in danger Joaquin Balaguer took power (longtime aide for Trujillo) Right wing violence against Bosch supporters

Dominican migration to the US US helped Dominicans come over to diffuse crisis Standard of living in DR shot down in 1980s- 1990sover 60% of population in DR earned poverty wages Went largely unnoticed at first Seen as “blacks who happened to speak Spanish” [pg. 117] http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tT7_oQzDYM w&feature=related Discrimination from other Hispanics Newspapers: recorded accounts of Dominicans in violent crimes and drug trafficking Whites blamed Dominicans for increase in crime rates Problem with the newspapers 1) Did not explain why so many Dominicans came to US 2) Did not advertise immigrants’ success

Distinct Diaspora Began as refugees started to flee in mid-1960s Dominicans were not classified as refugees Cubans were classified as refugees — fleeing Castro Cubans received federal assistance upon arrival; Dominicans did not Better educated Successful in business enterprise Ex: bodegas Tension between Dominicans and Puerto Ricans Conflicts between Latino communities are similar to Latino immigrants vs. white American I think if the U.S. offered more visas, everyone would leave the country. That’s how bad things are” – Estela Vasquez 1993

Professional Athletics

Notable Dominicans

Citations http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=X&rls=org.mozilla:en- US:official&biw=808&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=BKFUn7WpyM4sWM:&imgrefurl=http://tellystravels.com/id66.html&docid=qnCd1Yj2NhSIRM&imgurl=http://tellystravels.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/trujillo2.jpg&w=203&h=283&ei=3SRiT5bsL_OO0QGG5I2MCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=232&sig=1162 28536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=147&tbnw=110&start=0&ndsp=14&ved=1t:429,r:6,s:0&tx=66&ty=77http:/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mural_Caama%C3%B1o.jpg http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=glD7QORaeMTkjM:&imgrefurl=http://thelatinoinstitute.org/2009/06/07/latinos-count-ahead-to-add-clout/&docid=zHA4MHWM2ghaxM&imgurl=http://thelatinoinstitute.org/wp- content/uploads/2009/06/dr_census.jpg&w=560&h=382&ei=VSxiT62NEqbm0QHe8vCJCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=487&vpy=177&dur=131&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=125&ty=97&sig=116228536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=140&tbnw=187&start=0&ndsp=13&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=hT2ahE7OuhfqYM:&imgrefurl=http://www.dominicanrepublicrealestate.ca/fact-sheet/dominican-republic- flag/&docid=KwLT2iKizyYUXM&imgurl=http://www.dominicanrepublicrealestate.ca/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/dominican-republic-flag-punta-cana.jpg&w=500&h=375&ei=witiT- zHHMTj0QHJxu2kCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=414&sig=116228536804196367627&page=2&tbnh=139&tbnw=203&start=14&ndsp=18&ved=1t:429,r:0,s:14&tx=64&ty=75 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tT7_oQzDYMw&feature=related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DsrkbRwbpqQ http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=OyhZRI6bSTykyM:&imgrefurl=http://www.thevoguevibes.com/2012/01/oscar-de-la-renta-and-dr-dre-create-beats-by-oscar-de-la- renta/&docid=fPMXFmP1_az0vM&imgurl=http://www.thevoguevibes.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/delarenta.jpg&w=276&h=400&ei=qzJiT7OWHYTr0QHD4LGLCA&zoom=1 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=OopO8CoDzJWT7M:&imgrefurl=http://antalyapiyanofestivali.com/12/en/350-theodorakis-night&docid=r5xDcIxTQw8isM&imgurl=http://antalyapiyanofestivali.com/12/en/wp- content/uploads/2011/09/Michel-Camilo.jpg&w=500&h=340&ei=9zJiT7DSEe6N0QHlw8SFCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=105&vpy=347&dur=152&hovh=185&hovw=272&tx=167&ty=127&sig=116228536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=202&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:5,s:0 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=E6LoI- IUFgoOnM:&imgrefurl=http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/Alvarez.html&docid=qeNbiXLeOku7_M&imgurl=http://www.english.emory.edu/Bahri/alvarez.jpg&w=182&h=230&ei=QjNiT5LoJono0QH1xombCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=433&sig=116228536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=143&tbnw=118&start=0&ndsp=17 &ved=1t:429,r:3,s:0&tx=80&ty=41 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=cUQzpDZ_noXrGM:&imgrefurl=http://laist.com/2008/04/10/laist_interview_134.php&docid=cMjp1X77WsW8IM&imgurl=http://laist.com/attachments/la_carrie/PULITZER- ARTE.jpg&w=640&h=426&ei=mzNiT6GxA-ry0gGjnqymCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=531&sig=116228536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=133&tbnw=197&start=0&ndsp=16&ved=1t:429,r:2,s:0&tx=72&ty=91 http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&sa=N&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=75b7SlnSOnt2dM:&imgrefurl=http://www.sportsagentblog.com/2010/08/17/reverse-national-origin-discrimination-in-the-mlb-first-year-player- draft/&docid=4FNBT3meanaz9M&imgurl=http://www.sportsagentblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/dominican- baseball.jpg%253Fbb7ee4&w=678&h=375&ei=hDRiT6GdNcji0QGxzsWKCA&zoom=1&iact=rc&dur=169&sig=116228536804196367627&page=1&tbnh=105&tbnw=190&start=0&ndsp=12&ved=1t:429,r:1,s:0&tx= 73&ty=12 http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/ClJh1ormowZ/Olympics+Day+13+Athletics/2_1TSR5tLVu/Felix+Sanchez http://www.google.com/imgres?num=10&um=1&hl=en&client=firefox-a&hs=DaG&rls=org.mozilla:en- US:official&biw=981&bih=670&tbm=isch&tbnid=RKD_QN0sbhoJ1M:&imgrefurl=http://theyayornay.com/2012/01/humpday-hotness-al-horford/&docid=eQbYtLo0hTGftM&imgurl=http://theyayornay.com/wp- content/uploads/2012/01/alhorford31.jpg&w=600&h=500&ei=djViT8fBFaXV0QGhsK2hCA&zoom=1&iact=hc&vpx=529&vpy=98&dur=3211&hovh=205&hovw=246&tx=158&ty=154&sig=1162285368041963676 27&sqi=2&page=1&tbnh=138&tbnw=174&start=0&ndsp=15&ved=1t:429,r:8,s:0