Introduction to Electronic Cigarettes and Vaporizers

Topics Covered Types of Electronic Cigarettes Research Variable Voltage Modules Background Mechanical Modules Methods Hardware and Components Sampling Sessions Atomizers Volunteers E-Liquid and Ingredients Materials Propylene Glycol Results Vegetable Glycerin Conclusion FDA Approved Flavoring Sources Cited Nicotine

Introduction: What Is Vaping? The term “vaping” refers to the action of inhaling the vapor produced from an electronic cigarette also known within the community as a “vape”. Vaping is arguably a safer alternative of delivering nicotine to the body than traditional cigarettes Electronic cigarettes utilize a liquid called “e-juice” or “e-liquid” that contains nicotine The liquid is heated into a vapor form by the electronic cigarette, which is then inhaled by the user Keep in mind the terms “e-juice” and “e-liquid” are synonymous.

Types of Electronic Cigarettes Two main types exist, however there are a variety of subcategories that offer different features Variable Voltage Module—An electronic cigarette with an internal battery built into the module, that allows for the adjusting of voltage output. Mechanical Module—An electronic cigarette with a removable internal battery that does not allow the user to adjust the voltage.

Variable Voltage Modules Two different types of variable voltage modules are depicted eGo-C Twist on the left Vamo on the right There are many different styles of variable voltage modules, however they all function in the same way at a fundamental level. Pressing the button on the module will cause the internal battery to discharge heating the e-liquid contained within the atomizer to vaporize it.

Mechanical Modules Picture of a unassembled Mechanical Module on the left. No electronic components aside from the battery. Example of type of battery used on the right. There are many different styles of mechanical modules, however they all function in the same way. There is a button on the module that when pressed, completes a circuit between the battery and atomizer. This in turn heats up the heating elements (usually the coils) within the atomizer causing the e-liquid to vaporize.

Mechanical Modules Continued Example of a fully assembled Mechanical Module.

Hardware and Components Atomizer—the heating component of the variable voltage and mechanical modules. There are many different types of atomizers Usually a metal coil or wire is wrapped around a cotton medium that holds the e- liquid. There are many different types of atomizers but for the sake of simplicity the sole purpose of the atomizer is to heat up and vaporize the e-liquid. The image on the right is an example of an atomizer that would go on a mechanical module. Metal coils wrapped around cotton are inserted into the holes and cotton holds the e-liquid. The metal coils are heated and then vaporize the e-liquid.

E-liquid and Ingredients Composed primarily of: Propylene Glycol Vegetable Glycerin FDA Approved Flavoring Pharmacy Grade Nicotine This is a what a standard bottle of e-juice looks like. They usually come in a glass bottle with a dripper or a plastic bottle with a dripper top. There are many different brands of e-juice and many reputable vendors are located in the United States. Most of them use high quality ingredients, however this claim is based solely off of my knowledge and experience and I cannot cite this information as it not readily available. Because e-liquid itself is not yet FDA approved, it is somewhat difficult to ascertain what information on company websites is 100% true or not. Many people fear for their safety because of this reason, but all of the ingredients listed above are FDA approved for uses in consumption and application. The main issue is that they are not yet FDA approved for inhalation.

Propylene Glycol Molecular Formula C3H8O2 Water soluble—solvent for many organic compounds FDA Approved for use as an additive directly or indirectly to food. Metabolizes within 48 hours Propylene glycol is used in e-juice to carry the flavor of the liquid. Many companies produce propylene glycol, but only some are approved by the FDA. Examples: DOW Chemical Corporation. Propylene Glycol is used to create artificial smoke in fire safety training, theatrical performances, etc. Propylene glycol undergoes metabolic oxidation to pyruvic acid, acetic acid, lactic acid, and propionaldehyde (Szajewski)

Vegetable Glycerin Molecular Formula C3H8O3 Also known as glycerol, glycerin, or glycerine Water soluble—due to OH groups Precursor for triacylglycerols and phospholipids synthesis Vegetable Glycerin is highly water soluble due to its three hydroxyl groups. Glycerol is the backbone for all tryglecride lipids (Wikipedia) Glycerol is metabolized into tricylglycerols and phospholipids in the liver and adipose tissues (Wikipedia). Deemed as a safe chemical by the FDA.

FDA Approved Flavoring FDA approved for consumption Flavoring is carried in Propylene Glycol Water Soluble Flavorings are defined as VOC’s by the FDA. The image shown is a popular flavoring company known as Capella Flavor Drops. It is FDA approved for consumption and the flavoring itself is dissolved in Propylene Glycol. VOC stands for volatile organic compound. There are adverse health effects from prolonged exposure to VOC’s however they are found in many products we use everyday such as aerosols, cosmetics, paints, household cleaners, and etc. They are also present in many fuel emissions as well (EPA).

Pharmacy Grade Nicotine Molecular Formula C10H14N2 Can be dissolved in Propylene Glycol or Vegetable Glycerin Nicotine itself is regulated by the FDA Drugs containing nicotine must go through an NDA The chemical itself is not approved by the FDA it is only regulated. It is not classified as a controlled substance and only drugs such as nicotine gum or transdermal delivery systems need to go through a New Drug Application with the FDA. The FDA also regulates tobacco products as well.

Research There has been a recent study published on September 1, 2012 on the chemicals released into the air by the usage of cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. Title: Characterization of chemicals released to the environment by electronic cigarettes use (ClearStream-AIR project): is passive vaping a reality? Authors: G. Romagna MD, L. Zabarini, L. Barbiero, E. Bocchietto, S. Todeschi, E. Caravati, D. Voster, K. Farsalinos MD

Background The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of e- cigarettes on the release of chemicals into the environment as well as to identify and quantify the chemicals released in a closed environment from the use of e-CIG (ClearStream-AIR).

Methods A 60m3 closed room used Two 5 hour sessions organized: one with 5 smokers and 5 who used electronic cigarettes Between sessions room was cleaned and ventilated for 65 hours Smokers used cigarettes containing 0.6 mg of nicotine E-cigarette users used FlavourArt brand e-liquid with nicotine concentration of 11mg/ml “Methods A 60 m3 closed-room was used for the experiment. Two sessions were organized, the first using 5 smokers and the second using 5 users of e-CIG. Both sessions lasted 5 h. Between sessions, the room was cleaned and ventilated for 65 h. Smokers used cigarettes containing 0.6 mg of nicotine while e-CIG users used commercially available liquid (FlavourArt) with nicotine concentration of 11 mg/ml. We measured total organic carbon (TOC), toluene, xylene, carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), nicotine, acrolein, poly-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) glycerin and propylene glycol levels on the air of the room” (ClearStream-AIR).

Methods Cont. Chemicals tested for in air: CO NOx Acrolein Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Total Organic Carbon (TOC) Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Nicotine Glycerine Propylene Glycol

Sampling Sessions Volunteers allowed to smoke/vape as much as they wanted Must smoke/vape inside the room Time spent in room limited to only smoking/vaping Door of the room was only opened to let volunteers in and out All volunteers gave informed consent before participating in the study Number of cigarettes smoked in total and amount of e-liquid consumed was recorded. “For the two test, the room was initially prepared for the sampling and analyzed for baseline [conditions]. Then, 5 volunteers smoked their cigarettes or e-cigarettes, depending on the session. Volunteers were allowed to smoke/vape2 as much as and whenever they wanted, provided that they used the room set for the experiment. The time that volunteers spent in the room was strictly limited to smoking/vaping. Only a maximum of 3 volunteers were allowed in the room at the same time. The door of the room was opened only to let volunteers in or out. Informed consent was obtained by all subjects before participating to the study. During the smokers’ session, the number of smoked cigarettes was noted down. During the vapers’ [session], the weight of consumed liquid, was evaluated using a precision scale” (ClearStream-AIR).

Volunteers Mean age of smokers was about 21 years old: smoked on average 17 cigarettes a day for 6.5 years Nicotine content per cigarette 0.6mg 19 cigarettes smoked total during sampling session (11.4mg nicotine dispensed) Vapers declared they had been using e- cigarettes for an average of 3 months Average daily intake of 1.5 ml of e-liquid Average nicotine content of e-liquid 11mg/ml Commercially available FlavourArt e-liquid used and commercial EGO Pulse device Around 1.6 ml of e-liquid vaporized (about 17.6 mg nicotine delivered) The EGO Pulse is a variable voltage mod.

Materials Different SKC vials specific for its respective component used Fiberglass or PTFE 0.8 micrometer porosity membrane filters used CO, CO2, NOx, detector and FID flame ionization TOC detector used At the end of the experiment the vials and membranes were sealed and taken to labs for analysis “Considering the sampling methodologies different procedures both from UNI and NIOSH have been used. Different SKC vials specific for the different components to search were used. For some molecules, also fiberglass or PTFE 0.8 µm porosity membrane filters were used (Tab. 1). Each vial was linked with a portable suction sampler, calibrated and set to aspirate a specific volume, depending on the duration of the experiment and on the method details. In addition to these cumulative sampling systems, a CO and CO2 and NOx detector and a FID flame ionization TOC detector were used. At the end of the experiment, the vials and the membranes were sealed and taken to the ABICH S.r.l.4 labs for the analysis” (ClearStream-AIR).

Results Results show that there are a significantly lower amount of harmful chemicals released from electronic cigarettes than traditional cigarettes. Based of the differences in color of the membrane the chemicals exhaled from electronic cigarettes appears to be significantly cleaner than the chemicals exhaled from traditional cigarettes.

This image and the image on the previous slide are comparisons of the chemicals found in the environment after smoking traditional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. As you can see there is a significant difference in the amount of each chemical found in the air when smoking as opposed to vaping. The amount of harmful chemicals found in the air are much less in the sample session of those using electronic cigarettes.

Conclusion There is a significant decrease in the presence of harmful chemicals in the air after the use of electronic cigarettes compared to traditional cigarettes Though this does not prove that e-cigarettes are safer per se, it shows that e-cigarettes have the potential to be a safer option than traditional cigarettes. Based on the results of the experiment, electronic cigarettes do not produce detectable amounts of toxic and carcinogenic substances in the air of an enclosed space. Further studies are needed to better understand all aspects involved, but this assessment indicates that passive vaping does not have the toxic and carcinogenic characteristics of traditional cigarette smoking (ClearStream-AIR). This research does not prove that electronic cigarettes are “safer” than traditional cigarettes but it appears to be safer and shows the potential to be safer.

Sources Cited "An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)." United States Environmental Protection Agency. United States Environmental Protection Agency, 7 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Fiaq%2Fvoc.html%3F__utma%3D5453745.1111008454.1413581956.1413581956.1413581956.1%26__utmb%3D5453745.7.8.1413582124501%2 6__utmc%3D5453745%26__utmx%3D- %26__utmz%3D5453745.1413581956.1.1.utmcsr%3Dtoxics.usgs.gov%7Cutmccn%3D(referral)%7Cutmcmd%3Dreferral%7Cutmcct%3D%2Fdefinitions%2Fvocs.html%26__utmv% 3D5453745.%7C1%3Dvisitor%2520id%3Done%2520and%2520done%2520visitor%3D1%26__utmk%3D113539459>. Black eGo-C Twist Electronic Cigarette. Digital image. American Vapor Factory. N.p., 2014. Web. 6 Oct. 2014. <http://americanvaporfactory.com/wp- content/uploads/2013/08/twist.jpg> Caravella Mechanical Mod. Digital image. E-Cigarette Forum. E-Cigarette Forum, 2 Oct. 2013. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/blogs/baditude/5058-10- advancing-up-vaping-ladder-egos-mods.html>. Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews."Database of Select Committee on GRAS Substances (SCOGS) Reviews. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/fcn/fcnDetailNavigation.cfm?rpt=scogsListing&id=142>. "Food and Flavorings." Dow Chemical Corporate Website. The Dow Chemical Company, 1995-2014. Web. 08 Oct. 2014. <http://www.dow.com/propyleneglycol/applications/food_and_flavorings.htm>. Glycerin Chemical Structure. Digital image. Wikipedia. Wikipedia, 30 May 2008. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.wikidoc.org/index.php/File:Glycerine_chemical_structure.png>. "Glycerin." (n.d.): n. pag. U.S. Pharmacopoeia Convention. The United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, 1 May 2009. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.usp.org/sites/default/files/usp_pdf/EN/referenceStandards/2009-01-30GlycerinMonograph.pdf>. "Glycerol." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, 10 Nov. 2014. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycerol>. Thank you for your time, and I hope you found this presentation to be informative.

Sources Cited Cont. IGO-T Atomizer. Digital image. E-Cigarette Forum. E-Cigarette Forum, 8 Nov. 2013. Web. 17 Oct. 2014. <http://www.e-cigarette-forum.com/forum/general-vaping- discussion/488566-rebuildable-atomizers.html>. New Peaches and Cream Flavor Concentrate V2-13g [B-106. Digital image.Capella Flavors Inc. Capella Flavors Inc., n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://capellaflavordrops.com/peachesandcreamV2-2.aspx>. Propylene Glycol. Digital image. U.S. Pharmacopeia. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pharmacopeia.cn/v29240/usp29nf24s0_m71010.html>. "Public Health Statement for Propylene Glycol." ATSDR. N.p., 03 Mar. 2011. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/PHS/PHS.asp?id=1120&tid=240>. Rac-Nicotine. Digital image. Toronto Research Chemicals. Toronto Research Chemicals, 2014. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://www.trc- canada.com/detail.php?CatNum=N412420&CAS=22083-74-5&Chemical_Name=rac-Nicotine&Mol_Formula=C10H14N2&Synonym=3-(1-Methyl-2- pyrrolidinyl)pyridine;%20(%C2%B1)-Nicotine;%20(%C2%B1)-3-(1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl)pyridine;%20(R,S)-Nicotine;%20(%C2%B1)-Nicotine;%201-Methyl-2-(3- pyridyl)pyrrolidine;%20DL-Nicotine;>. Romagna, G., MD, L. Zabarini, L. Barbiero, E. Bocchietto, S. Todeschi, E. Caravati, D. Voster, and K. Farsalinos, MD. Characterization of Chemicals Released to the Environment by Electronic Cigarettes Use (ClearStream-AIR Project): Is Passive Vaping a Reality?3 (n.d.): n. pag.ClearStream. 01 Sept. 2012. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://clearstream.flavourart.it/site/wp- content/uploads/2012/09/CSA_ItaEng.pdf>. Sony Vct4 2100mah. Digital image. 88evape. 88evape, n.d. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://88evape.com/shop/batteries-chargers/sony-vct4-2100mah/?age-verified=0c9bbad7ff>. Space Jam EJuice. Digital image. Cloudscape Vape. Cloudscape Vape, 2012. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <http://csvape.com/space-jam-ejuice/>. Stillare RDA-2. Digital image. NPCTSD Presents... Electronic Cigarette Reviews. NCPTSD.org, 2013. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://www.ncptsd.org/reviews/stillare-rda-by-cartel-mods/>. Szajewski, Janusz. "Propylene Glycol." IPCS INCHEM. IPCS, 1994. Web. 11 Oct. 2014. <http://www.inchem.org/documents/pims/chemical/pim443.htm#SectionTitle:6.4>. Turtle Ship V2 Mechanical Mod. Digital image. Element Vape. Elementvape.com, 2013-2014. Web. 07 Oct. 2014. <https://www.elementvape.com/turtle-ship-v2-mechanical-mod>. Vamo-stainless. Digital image. New Orleans NOLA Vape. OAC Software, 2014. Web. 6 Oct. 2014. <http://www.nolavape.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/vamo-stainless.jpg>.