 How would you write the name of the following compounds ◦ Zn(OH) 2 ◦ NaOH ◦ HCl ◦ Mg(NO 3 ) 2 What does an acid do to red litmus? What does an acid to do blue litmus? How can we tell the pH of a substance?

 Ions – table of ions open in work book Ions  Flame test

The Lab ACIDS: Hydrochloric acid – HCl Nitric acid – HNO 3 Sulfuric acid – H 2 SO 4 Ethanoic acid – CH 3 COOH BASES: Sodium hydroxide – NaOH Potassium hydroxide – KOH Calcium hydroxide – Ca(OH) 2 Ammonia – NH 3 Everyday Life ACIDS: Tartaric acid Citric acid DNA Carbonic acid BASES: Magnesium hydroxide Limestone Garden lime Baking soda

IndicatorCOLOUR In acidic solutionIn neutral solution In alkaline solution Litmus Paper (red or blue) Red stays red Blue turns red Red stays red Blue stays blue Red turns blue Blue stays blue Universal Indicator Red, orange, yellow GreenBlue, purple (B FOR BLUE & BASIC)

 When an acidic solution is mixed with an alkaline solution a NEUTRALISATION reaction occurs H + ions in acid, react with OH - of the base forming water H + + OH - H 2 O

HCl solution – mixed with NaOH Some H + reacted not all – solution still acidic Complete neutralisation when all the H + have reacted with OH - FINAL SOLUTION WILL CONTAIN Na + and Cl - ions – evaporation = NaCl crystals

 In your lab group ◦ At least 8 test tubes ◦ Two beakers ◦ Universal Indicator ◦ Test tube rack ◦ Challenge: Create the best looking rainbow of pH using your acids (HCl) and base (NaOH) ◦ Use the neutralisation reaction

 Acid + Base = ???  What is an ionic compound?  When writing ionic formula does the metal change its name of the non-metal?

 Acid + Base = ???? + ????  Write the salts formed from the following reactions (word equation) ◦ Sulfuric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide ◦ Hydrochloric acid + Potassium Hydroxide ◦ Nitric Acid + Sodium Hydroxide ◦ Write ionic formula for the salts produced ◦ ION QUIZ ION QUIZ

ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER e.g. hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium chloride + water e.g. sulfuric acid + potassium hydroxide → potassium sulfate + water HCl + NaOH → NaCl + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + KOH → K 2 SO 4 + H 2 02

AcidFormulaSalts HydrochloricHClChlorides SulfuricH 2 SO 4 Sulfates NitricHNO 4 Nitrates EthanoicCH 3 COOHEthanoates

1.Nitric acid + Sodium hydroxide 2.Sulfuric acid + Potassium hydroxide 3.Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium oxide 4.Ethanoic acid + Sodium hydroxide Sodium nitrate Potassium sulfate Magnesium chloride Sodium ethanoate

ACID + BASE → SALT + WATER Question: What sorts of compounds act as bases in this case? Answer: Metal oxides and metal hydroxides MgO CuO Fe 2 O 3 ZnO Mg(OH) 2 Cu(OH) 2 Ca(OH) 2 NaOH KOH

(1) Hydrogen chloride + Magnesium oxide → Magnesium chloride + Water (2) Nitric acid + Sodium hydroxide + → Sodium nitrate + Water (3) Sulfuric acid + Calcium hydroxide → Calcium sulfate + Water HCl + MgO → MgCl 2 + H 2 O HNO 3 + NaOH → NaNO 3 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + Ca(OH) 2 → CaSO 4 + H 2 O 2 2

1. Hydrochloric acid + Zinc oxide → Zinc chloride + water 2. Nitric acid + Copper oxide → Copper Nitrate + water 3. _____ + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium sulfate + water 4. Hydrochloric acid + Iron oxide → ___________ + water

1. Hydrochloric acid + Zinc oxide → Zinc chloride + water 2. Nitric acid + Copper oxide + → Zinc nitrate + water 3. Sulfuric Acid + Sodium hydroxide → Sodium sulfate + water 4. Hydrochloric acid + Iron oxide + → ___________ + water HCl + Fe 2 O 3 → FeCl 3 + H 2 O HCl + ZnO → ZnCl 2 + H 2 O H 2 SO 4 + NaOH → Na 2 SO 4 + H 2 O HNO 3 + CuO + → Cu(NO 3 ) 2 + H 2 O Iron chloride

1. Antacid (“anti-acid”) tablets Stomach acid (HCl) causes heartburn “Quick-eze” contain a base, magnesium hydroxide - Mg(OH) 2 The base neutralises the stomach acid, relieving the symptoms of heartburn Hydrochloric acid + Magnesium hydroxide → Magnesium chloride + water

2. Toothpaste and tooth decay Bacteria on our teeth produce acids as part of their metabolism The acid wears away the enamel on our teeth Toothpaste is basic, this helps to neutralise the acid and prevent tooth decay

Past exam paper: Epsom salt has the chemical formula MgSO 4. It can be prepared by reacting an acid with magnesium hydroxide a)Give the chemical name for MgSO 4 b)Name the acid used in this reaction c)Write the word equations for the preparation ofMgSO 4 d)This reaction is described as a neutralisation reaction: Explain what is meant by neutralisation reaction

Past exam paper: Epsom salt has the chemical formula MgSO 4. It can be prepared by reacting an acid with magnesium hydroxide a)Give the chemical name for MgSO 4 Magnesium sulfate b)Name the acid used in this reaction Sulfuric acid c)Write the word equations for the preparation of MgSO 4 Magnesium hydroxide + sulfuric acid = magnesium sulfate + water a)This reaction is described as a neutralisation reaction: Explain what is meant by neutralisation reaction

1. H + 2. red 3. litmus 4. atomic number 5. ion 6. metal 7. CO NO sulfate 10. sulfuric acid 11. Sodium hydroxide 12. alkali 13. base 14. OH positive 16. CH 3 COOH 17. (NH 4 ) 2 CO negative 19. HCO Al 2 O 3

Cl - O 2- CO 3 2- SO 4 2- HCO 3 - OH - Li + Mg 2+ Zn 2+ Fe 3+ NH 4 + Ca 2+

Cl - O 2- CO 3 2- SO 4 2- HCO 3 - OH - Li + LiClLi 2 OLi 2 CO 3 Li 2 SO 4 LiHCO 3 LiOH Mg 2+ MgCl 2 MgO MgCO 3 MgSO 4 Mg(HCO 3 ) 2 MgOH 2 Zn 2+ ZnCl 2 ZnOZnCO 3 ZnSO 4 Zn(HCO 3 ) 2 Zn(OH) 2 Fe 3+ FeCl 3 Fe 2 O 3 Fe 2 (CO 3 ) 3 Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Fe(HCO 3 ) 3 Fe(OH) 3 NH 4 + NH 4 Cl (NH 4 ) 2 O(NH 4 ) 2 CO 3 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 NH 4 HCO 3 NH 4 OH Ca 2+ CaCl 2 CaO CaCO 3 CaSO 4 Ca(HCO 3 ) 2 Ca(OH) 2

ACID + CARBONATE → SALT + WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE ACID + REACTIVE METAL → SALT + HYDROGEN GAS e.g. Hydrochloric acid + Calcium carbonate → Calcium chloride + water + carbon dioxide e.g. Sulfuric acid + Magnesium → Magnesium sulfate + hydrogen NB – This also occurs with BICARBONATES (Hydrogen carbonates)

1. Hydrochloric acid + Calcium carbonate → Calcium _____ + water + CO 2 2. Nitric acid + Copper carbonate → Copper _____ + water + CO 2 3. Sulfuric acid + Sodium carbonate → Sodium _____ + water + CO 2 4. Ethanoic acid + Zinc carbonate → Zinc _____ + water + CO 2

1. Hydrochloric acid + Calcium carbonate → Calcium _____ + water + CO 2 2. Nitric acid + Copper carbonate → Copper _____ + water + CO 2 3. Sulfuric acid + Sodium carbonate → Sodium _____ + water + CO 2 4. Ethanoic acid + Zinc carbonate → Zinc _____ + water + CO 2 2HCl + CaCO 3 → CaCl 2 + H 2 O + CO 2 2HNO 3 + CuCO 3 → CuNO 3 + H 2 O + CO 2

 Below is an example of what? Blue is for.... Red is for...  Acid + Carbonate --   Write the colour changes when copper carbonate was heated.

 Exam question in the past  Heat Copper carbonate in a test tube  Heat till colour change  Add Sulfuric Acid (up to first article)  Filter  Solution we will leave to evaporate so put in evaporation dish  Clean Up

Baking powder This contains baking soda (sodium hydrogen carbonate) and an acid (usually tartaric acid) in powder form. When the baking powder is added to water, the baking soda and the acid react, producing CO 2 gas and making the cake rise!

Fizzy tablets – like Berocca These contain an acid and a carbonate in powder form When the tablet gets wet, the acid and carbonate react together to form CO 2 – the fizzy bubbles

Limestone caves: Limestone is composed of calcium carbonate Caves form when acidic rainwater dissolves the limestone, forming cracks and fissures The limestone reappears underground as stalactites and stalagmites

 Acid + Carbonate demo  Equations from the experiments (EVERYONE NEEDS TO GET!!) Mark using marking sheet Once finished: Mind map of atoms and acids and bases topic Team Quiz