How to Build a Digital-Physical System Assegid Kidané Fall 2011

Today's Demo Pressure and Light Sensor Arduino and Laptop data processing Video and Sound output

Demo

The Big Picture

Steps Define problem and goals clearly Develop flowchart and algorithm Select main components Develop hardware and software Put it together and test Iterate until goals are met

Outline Electricity/Water analogy Electrical/Electronic circuit elements Basic formulae Reading and drawing schematics Using datasheets Microcontrollers, Sensors, Actuators, Media Software environments Experiential media integration

Goal Basic electronics Use of microcontrollers Interactive environment design Design and build 3D objects Learn effective collaboration

Water Analogy The following entities between a water circulation system and an electric circuit correspond fairly well Pressure – Voltage Water flow – Current Faucet, Constriction – Resistance Valve – Switch One way valve – Diode etc...

Comparisons

Circuit Elements Power supply Resistors Capacitors Inductors Semiconductors

Circuit Elements Power supply  Energy source

Circuit Elements Resistor, Capacitors and Inductors  Passive components

Circuit Elements Semiconductors  Active devices  Transistors, ICs, LEDs, gates, diodes

Circuit Elements Subgroup of ICs  Microcontrollers (pic, Atmega etc.) Microcontroller development boards  Arduino

Types of Circuits Analog  Continuous values of voltage between Ground and Power Digital  Only On or Off, High or Low, or Ground or Power Hybrid

Examples Analog  Most sensors, the physical world Digital  Your computer, most modern devices, your iPod for the most part

Schematics Symbolic representation of a circuit

Schematic More complex circuit

Breadboarding Provides connectivity Allows reconfiguration

Connectivity Under the Hood

Soldering Make permanent connections on the PCB

Test Equipment Multimeter Oscilloscope Signal Generator Power Supply Logic Analyzer Hand tools

Multimeter Use to measure Voltage, Current and Resistance  Some measure frequency, capacitance, temperature and more *** Caution***  Take extra care when measuring current  Start with a selection higher than the highest expected value

Oscilloscope Provides detailed graphic representation of signals Essential for signals with ac components Usefull for monitoring noise

Some Common Formulae Ohm's law  E = V = IR Formula wheel  E - (emf) same as Voltage  R – resistance  I – current  P - power

Series and Parallel Circuits

Using Ohm's Law Equivalent resistance = 1470ohms

Datasheets Your crucial companion Consult the manufacturer's datasheet if unsure of a device's specific behaviour Of special interest  Pinouts  Absolute maximum ratings  Typical application circuit

Important sections

Typical Circuit

Pinouts

Features

PCB Design Eagle software

Eagle 5.11 Details Easy to use Output files compatible with and accepted by most PCB fabs IDE available for Windows, Mac and Linux Frequently updated library Freeware version available limited to 100 x 80 mm boards, 2 signal layers and 1 sheet

Eagle Features Schematic capture

Eagle Light Layout

Router Interactive router and Autorouter

Introduction Tutorial Manufacturer guided tour at

Fabrication!

Capabilities Multilayer PCB fabrication Through hole plating Intricate PCB shapes routing Automatic tool change and milling width adjustment

Partial Specifications

CAM Software CircuitPro 1.4.XXX Import Gerber files from Eagle, Altium etc Configure machine for stock material and PCB process layers Generate milling, drilling and routing tool path Enjoy automated fabrication

Sample Interface

Support Material Manufacturer manual and AME prepared quick start manual Preparation and finishing tools PCB stock and backing material Additional and spare tool bits and process accessories All nearby

General Architecture Participatory Environment ( Installation, Performance)  Sensing  Data Processing  Actuation and Feedback

environment sensing Computing Feedback & Actuators

Sensors Motion  Position, Acceleration, Rotation Pressure Light Sound Temperature Biometric sensors

Some Sensors

Data Processing Desktop, Laptop Single Board Computer (SBC) Physical Computing Platform (Arduino, Parallax) Develop using a microcontroller (Pic, Atmega, 8051)

Some Processors

Introduction to the Arduino Environment Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad

Introduction to the Arduino Environment Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers

Introduction to the Arduino Environment Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed

Introduction to the Arduino Environment Arduino Uno, Duemilanove Arduino mini (Stamp) Arduino mini pro (5V, 3.3V, 8Mhz, 16Mhz) Arduino Mega Arduino Nano Arduino Lilypad ATmega Micro controllers Bootloader Installed Open Source IDE for Windows, OSx and Linux

Arduino Uno/Duemilanove 14 Digital I/Os 6 Analog Inputs 6 PWM Outputs USB Connectivity and Programming USB bus or External Power 16MHz Clock and 32KB Flash Memory

Arduino Uno Cont’d USB Port

Arduino Uno Cont’d USB Port External Power Power Selection

Arduino Uno Cont’d USB Port External Power Power Selection Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port

Arduino Uno Cont’d USB Port External Power Digital I/Os, PWM, Serial Port Analog InputsPower and Reset

Arduino Mini Pro Small footprint 16k Flash Program ROM 14 Digital and 6 Analog I/Os All UNO features except it needs external hardware for programming

Programming Arduino Mini Use the standard USB board with the micro controller removed Or use the Arduino serial USB board, Item # DEV from Sparkfun Electronics It is also possible to program it wireless using Blue SMiRF bluetooth modem

Arduino Mini Cont’d Used in many AME devices including  SOball1: Light ball with 5DOF IMU  SOball2: Light ball with IMU and RFID  RFID Mousepad

Arduino Nano Most Versatile Arduino Arduino Mini(stamp) with built-in USB interface and ICSP header All desirable features of Atmega 328 controller All analog inputs available in standard DIP layout

Other Hardware Include  ArduinoBT  ArduinoXBee  Wee Various Sheilds

Arduino Programming Simple Fast No programming hardware needed*

Sample Code Read a sensor  Data = analogRead(pin) Control analog devices(motor, light, etc)  analogWrite(pin, strength) Read a digital signal  digitalRead(pin) Output a digital signal  digitalWrite(pin, HIGH)

Output & Actuation Video displays, Projectors Speakers Lights Motors Haptic feedback devices

Actuators & Output Devices

Max/MSP Allows sophisticated audio and video manipulation and feedback Puredata for an OpenSource alternative with little graphics Many objects exist to interface with almost anything. Either direct or from 3 rd party developers.

Experiential Media System

Sensing Light: Using a CDS sensor with a 10K resistor to generate a voltage proportional to brightness Pressure: Using an FSR with 100k and 10k resistors to generate a voltage proportional to applied pressure

Data Processing Arduino: Samples the light and pressure analog signals using ADC. Digitize it and sends digital values to laptop on USB bus. Laptop(Max/msp): Process data, scales it as needed, and applies conditions and manipulate audio and video output.

Output or Feedback Processed/Manipulated Video output Processed Audio output

AME Digital Culture Kit

In Conclusion Sensing can include....  motion(location, acceleration, rotation), pressure, temperature, humidity, lighting, sound, magnetic(hall), biometric(eeg, emg, pulse, GSR) and more

Processing can include probabilistic computational model in addition to linear mapping

Output control can include....  Lighting, sound, video projection, temperature, humidity, mechanical(linear and rotational motion), fluid and gas flow and more

Collect Checkout Forms and Regulation Sheet Tool checkout form Electronic Kit checkout form Lab and equipment maintenance regulations

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