Plants: Grouped by characteristics Vascular Three main parts: roots, stems and leaves Roots can be different sizes: Fibrous and tap roots Storage roots; beets, carrots, sweet potatoes and turnips Roots have different functions: anchoring the plant, taking in water and minerals, and store food. Nonvascular Simple; most grow in moist places No vascular tissues.

Vascular Plants: Stems Function of stems Support, transport of water & food Most stems grow upward Some stems grow sideward Types of stems Green Woody Transport of materials Xylem & phloem

Vascular Plants: Leaves Leaves come in variety of shapes and sizes Leaves are arranged in different ways

Plants reproduce differently Reproduce – it means “to make more of the same kind” Plants reproduce differently Plants are classified by characteristics. Plants that make seeds Plants that do not make seeds Flowering Plants Conifers Ferns Mosses

a protective covering that surrounds the seed makes seeds. makes the plant's food. anchor the plant in place and absorb water and other minerals from the soil. carries water and food to the rest of the plant.

Basic Plant Structure

Some flowering plants are monocot seed – a seed that has one seed leaf and stored food outside the seed leaf dicot seed – a seed that has two seed leaves that contain stored food

Parts of a seed Dicot Monocot Seed coat Hypocotyl Epicotyl Cotyledons Endosperm Radicle Cotyledon Dicot Monocot

Seed Germination Monocot Dicot Hypogeous Epigeous Radicle

Leaf Morphology

Leaf Morphology

Structure: Leaf Types

Structure: Leaf Venation

Structure: Leaf Arrangement

Woody Plant Stem Stern 2006

Woody Stem Structure

What are the critical parts of a tree? Xylem (earlywood/latewood) Bark Cambium/Phloem

Wood Plant Stem Stern 2006

ANGIOSPERMS The flowering plants Spring crocus Crocus vernus

Flower structure Flowers are reproductive structures The have evolved to send and receive pollen from one flower to another This is process of pollination Flowers are developed from a series of modified leaves These leaves are arranged in a rings (whorls)

Flower structure Dog rose Rosa canina

Structure of flowers Flowers are composed of four whorls. From the outside in, they are: Calyx (sepals) Corolla (petals) Androecium (stamens) Gynoecium (pistils)

Flower Morphology

Flower structure Stigma Style Ovary Petal Sepal Filament Anther

Calyx (sepals) Outermost whorl Usually green Protects developing flower Physically Chemically Made up of SEPALS Sepals free or not Calyx radially or bilaterally symmetric

Corolla (petals) Is usually colorful and showy; Attracts pollinators Guides pollinators; Is composed of petals Petals may be united or separate; Corolla may be radially or bilaterally symmetric.

Androecium (stamens) Is composed of stamens Stamens have filaments and anthers Pollen is produced in anthers Stamens can be free or united

Gynoecium (pistils) Is composed of pistils A pistil is composed of an ovary, style, and stigma. Styles may be separate, branched, or united Pistils have a slide of their own – just wait

Structure: Flowers- missing parts Floral Parts Structure Reproduction Sepals, Petals, Complete Perfect Stamens, Pistil Sepals, Stamens, Incomplete Perfect Pistil Sepals, Stamens Incomplete Imperfect

Structure- Compound Flower/ Sunflower

Structure- Flower- Compound Pistil/ Strawberry

Structure: Flower Parts

How Do Flowers Make Seeds and Fruits? Ovary – the bottom part of the pistil in which seeds form Ovule - the inner part of an ovary that contains an egg embryo – tiny part of a seed that can grow into a new plant

How Seeds Form After fertilization the flower dries up and petals fall off, leaving just the pistil and its ovary. The top of the pistil falls off and the ovary gets larger as one or more seeds form inside it. When the seeds are formed, the ovary dries up and the seeds fall out. Corn, Beans, and Peas are seeds that we eat

How Fertilization Occurs When a pollen grain reaches a pistil, it grows a thin tube to the ovary. Sperm from the pollen grain combines with an egg, and a seed forms. Fertilization – the combination of sperm from a pollen grain with an egg to form a seed

How Pollination Occurs Butterflies may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of the the same flower. Sometimes the butterfly may carry pollen from the stamen of one flower to the pistil of another flower of the same kind. Pollination- the movement of pollen from a stamen to a pistil

Types of pollination Wind Animal Water Bumble bee Bombus hortorum on red clover Trifolium pratense Yorkshire fog grass Holcus lanatus

Animal pollination Usually insects Also other flying animals e.g. hummingbirds or fruit bats Cerambycid beetle pollinating bramble Rubus fruticosus

Pollination Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant Yellow archangel Lamiastrum galobdolon being pollinated by a bumble bee Bombus hortorum Pollen grains contain the male gametes of the plant They are picked up by a pollinator and transferred to another flower Plants tend to specialise in pollinators This ensures the pollen is delivered to same species of plant

Pollination Small skipper Thymelicus flavus on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris

Pollination The honey bee Apis melifera on marsh thistle Cirsium palustris

Pollination Some flowers are highly specialised to encourage only one type of insect Fox glove flowers Digitalis purpurea

Pollination Most species of flowering plants are hermaphroditic Pollen from a flower could land on the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant = self pollination Pollen transferred from the anther on one flower to the stigma of another flower on a different plant = cross pollination

Fertilisation Pollination ≠ Fertilisation The male gamete (the male nucleus) has to get to the egg cell The egg cell lies in an ovule in an ovary at the centre of the plant The pollen grain germinates on the stigma It grows a pollen tube down the style It male nuclei travel down the pollen tube to the ovule

Fertilisation Pollen grain Stigma Style Ovule Embryo sac Ovary Pollen tube Ovary

Fertilisation Egg cell Polar nuclei Embryo sac Micropyle

Fertilisation Pollen grains of the daisy Bellis perennis

Fertilisation Germinating pollen grains of blue bell, Hyacinthoides non-scripta

The double fertilisation Pollen tube Pollen tube entering micropyle Male nucleus + egg cell = zygote (2n) Male nucleus + 2 polar nuclei = endosperm nucleus (3n) Ovule Nucellus

From flower to fruit Marsh marigold Caltha palustris

Fruits and seed dispersal Animal dispersal Strawberry Fragaria vesca Explosive dispersal Bird’s foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus Animal dispersal Wood avens Geum urbanum Wind dispersal Ragwort Senecio