Medieval Europe Chris Anderson Randolph-Henry H. S.

The Crusades ► Early Medieval Europe was a very unkind place to live  No real government  Lots of war  Little trade ► 1100s—life did get better  Monarchies were developing with strong central governments  New and better farming methods were being used— producing more food  Trade began to prosper

► The major turning point in the Middle Ages was the Crusades ► The Crusades were holy wars between Western European Christians and the Muslims who controlled the Holy Land ► There were 9 major Crusades

► Call for a Crusade ► In the 600s, the Holy land was taken over by the Arab Muslims  These Arab Muslims allowed Christians and Jews to freely come and go in the city of Jerusalem ► Late 1000s—the Seljuk Turks took over the Holy Land—Palestine and the city of Jerusalem  The Seljuks restricted Jerusalem  They closed the city off to the Jews and Christians ► The Seljuks were also threatening the Byzantine Empire

► 1095—the Byzantine Emperor went to the Roman Catholic Pope asking for military help against the encroaching Seljuk Turks ► The Byzantine Emperor said many Christians were being killed—trying to persuade the Pope to get involved  The Byzantine Emperor was just trying to get the Pope to help

► 1 st Crusade: ► 1095—Pope Urban II issued a call for the 1 st Crusade  He asked for a “volunteer army” to free Palestine from the Seljuk Turks  The Pope had power over nearly every person in Western Europe because they were all Catholic ► Thousands of Western Europeans went on Crusade

► Many people went on the 1 st Crusade for many different reasons  Knights went to use their skills  Peasants went to escape and gain freedom  Some went because the Pope promised immediate salvation if they were killed fighting the Muslims  Others go for adventure and travel

► Between 1096 & ,000 Crusaders left Europe for the 1 st Crusade ► In 1097—3 armies reached Constantinople—the home base for the Crusaders Antioch—the Crusaders defeated a Muslim army and traveled to Jerusalem

► June 1099—the Christian army marched into Jerusalem and attacked the city  The Christians laid siege to the city for 2 months ► After 2 months, the city fell to the Christians ► The Crusaders swept throught the city killing nearly everyone ► The 1 st Crusade was a a success!—the Western Christians had gained control of the Holy Land and Jerusalem

Siege at Jerusalem in 1099

► The 2 nd Crusade ► Less than 50 years after the 1 st Crusade, the Seljuk Turks reclaimed the Holy Land ► Pope Eugenius III issued the call for a new Crusade ► Louis VII of France and Conrad III of the Holy Roman Empire led armies into Palestine ► The 2 nd Crusade lasted from 1147 until 1159 ► The Crusade failed to recapture the Holy Land

Louis and Conrad on Crusade

► The 3 rd Crusade ► 1187—Saladin brought the Muslim forces together and drove the Seljuk Turks out of the Holy Land ► Saladin was very powerful ► Western Europe was very afraid of Saladin ► Warriors from all over Western Europe assembled to retake the Holy Land from Saladin

Saladin

► Frederick Barbarossa of Germany, Philip Augustus of France, and Richard I of England led armies on the 3 rd Crusade ► The 3 rd Crusade lasted from 1189 until 1192 ► The Crusade was unsuccessful in freeing the Holy land from Muslim control ► Frederick died on the way and Philip returned to France, leaving Richard to fight alone

► Richard knew he could not defeat Saladin ► Richard negotiated a treaty with the Muslim ruler ► Saladin allowed Christian travelers into Jerusalem, but the city would remain under Muslim control ► The 3 rd Crusade also failed to bring the Holy Land under Christian control

► The Other Crusades ► 1198—another Crusade was called ► This Crusade lasted from 1202 until 1204 ► The Crusaders never made it to the Holy Land  Instead, the Crusaders attacked and looted Constantinople  The Crusaders hated the Eastern Orthodox religion and needed $

► 1212—Children’s Crusade ► Thousands of peasant children between the ages of 10 & 18 left, headed toward Jerusalem ► Since they were poor and faithful, they believed God would set Jerusalem free from Muslim control ► Most of the children died before ever reaching Jerusalem ► Those that did reach Jerusalem were turned into slaves by the Muslims

► The rest of the Crusades also proved to be failures—Western Europe was unable to recapture Jerusalem ► The Christians slowly lost interest in Palestine and began concentrating on problems at home

► Effects of the Crusades ► 1.) The Crusades proved to be a failure  Europe was unable to regain the Holy Land ► 2.) European Kings gained more power  Kings taxed their people & left without fear of someone taking their throne ► 3.) Contact with the east brought new info to Europe  Classical texts were brought back to Europe  Western Europe will be re-introduced to the ideas of the ancient Greeks and Romans

► 4.) European cities gained wealth from trade with the east  The West was introduced to silk, sugar, and spices ► 5.) European technology improved  Learned to build better ships ► 6.) Europeans learned new military techniques

Economic and Cultural Revival ► The Crusades brought Europe out of its violent and backward past ► Trade began to grow again in Europe ► Education and learning gained a new importance

► New Farming Innovations ► 3 new innovations led to an increase in agricultural production:  New Plow—heavier  Three Field System—crop rotation  Collar Harness—allowed horses to pull plows ► The new advances led to more food and a population boom

► Economic Expansion ► As population grew, villages and towns began to increase in number ► The villages and towns helped trade to expand  Every town had a market where people would come to trade goods

► Certain towns became centers of trade in Europe  Venice, Pisa, and Genoa became centers for Mediterranean trade  Flanders became a center for the cloth trade in Northern Europe

► Many towns would hold annual trade fairs ► These fairs had hundreds of traders ► Feudal lords made $ off of the fairs by charging rent for the land ► The venders charged “sales tax” on their goods to help pay the rent ► The largest and most famous trade fair in Medieval Europe was at Champagne, France  This trade faire lasted between 4 to 6 weeks

Medieval Trade Fair

► The early merchants used barter—trading one good for another ► The barter system was eventually replaced by the use of money—creating a money economy in Europe ► During the Medieval period, different towns used different currency ► Banks were developed as places to exchange currency  One would have to exchange their currency for what was being used in the town trade fairs

► Banks eventually took on a more modern form ► Banks received deposits ► Banks began issuing loans ► Kings and priests used the banks to get loans to pay off their debts

► Craft Guilds were established to regulate the work of artisans  Weavers  Blacksmiths  Masons  Tailors  Potters  Etc. ► Craft guilds had very strict rules about prices and wages ► Guilds prohibited competition—businesses were not allowed to compete with each other by lowering prices to get more customers ► Guilds also protected the buyer from poorly manufactured goods

► Masters controlled the craft guilds  1.) To become a master, one had to start as an apprentice—learn the craft and are not paid  2.) Once the apprentice has learned the craft, he becomes a journeyman—he works for the master and is paid for his work  3.) For a journey to become a master, he has to create a masterpiece  the master is the person who judges whether or not the work is a masterpiece

► Medieval Towns ► 1000 to 1100—towns began to grow at a rapid pace ► Towns developed along trade routes ► Most towns were protected by a high wall ► Towns usually had very narrow streets  The only traffic was foot traffic

► Every town had a Church  The Church was the largest building in the town  Illustrated the power of the Catholic Church in the peoples’ lives ► Merchants’ shops lined the streets ► The town buildings were constructed of wood—fire was always a major problem

► The towns had NO sanitation facilities  The smell was awful  Garbage and human waste littered the streets  Disease spread very easily in most towns ► —a major disease struck Europe—The Black Plague  The Plague killed 1/3 of Europe’s population in a 2-year period

Bubonic Plague

► A new class of people arose in the towns— the Middle Class  Bankers  Merchants  artisans ► The middle class did not fit into the feudal system—they did not need to farm; therefore they did not need land

► The Middle Class was called different things in different areas of Europe  Germany—Burghers  France—Bourgeoisie  England—Burgesses ► The middle class helped create government in the towns ► The middle class also became very wealthy  Many kings and priests came to the middle class to borrow $

► Education ► Nearly everyone during the Middle Ages was illiterate ► Members of the Church were the only people who had literacy ► The Catholic Church controlled all education  The Church prepared people for life in the clergy

► As towns became larger, educated officials were needed to run the governments ► Education became the focus of many who wanted to run the town governments ► 1150—non-Church based schools were established in Europe—Universities

► The new universities taught a myriad of subjects  Grammar  Rhetoric  Logic  Math  Geometry  Astronomy  music

► The Universities taught the Roman and Greek classics—especially the works of Aristotle ► The Catholic Church did not like the Universities’ teachings of the classics  The Church believed the classics went against Catholic teachings  The Universities believed the classics strengthened the students’ faith in the Church

► Eventually, a compromise was created ► A new type of learning was developed— scholasticism ► Scholasticism was a blend of religion and reason

► Medieval Literature ► Many of the old songs and stories were written down during the Middle Ages ► Writers moved away from using Latin and toward the use of the vernacular—everyday languages ► Church literature was still written in Latin

► Beowulf was written down around the 700s.  The story was written in Old English  Told a story of a hero named Beowulf ► Romance literature became very popular in the Middle Ages

► Song of Roland was a French poem written about Christian knights ► Dante Alighieri wrote the Divine Comedy ► Geoffrey Chaucer wrote Canterbury Tales in 1386

► Medieval Art ► Churches built during the Middle Ages exemplified the art of the Period ► Romanesque v. Gothic

Romanesque & Gothic Architecture

Romanesque ► Thick walls ► small windows ► tapestries on the walls ► curved arches

Gothic ► Large windows--lots of glass (stained glass) ► flying buttresses=thinner walls & more windows ► pointed arches ► high ceilings ► high spires--tall pointed towers

Strengthening European Monarchies ► During the Middle Ages, the feudal nobles had most of the power ► As trade and towns grew, feudalism began to decrease ► 1100s—power shifted from the nobles to the monarchs ► The Church began to lose some of its power as more people became educated

► Hundred Years’ War ► In the 14 th century, many wars broke out in Europe ► The Hundred Years’ War will be a major confrontation that occurred between England and France over the French throne ► The Hundred Years’ War lasted from 1337 until 1453 ► The French will defeat the English—the French will win

► Hundred Years’ War--Causes ► The causes of the war go back to 1066 when William of Normandy took the throne of England  English kings after William controlled England and part of France (Normandy) ► 1152—King Henry II married Eleanor of Aquitaine—the former wife of the French king  Henry received a large area of French land by marrying Eleanor—the Aquitaine

► After the marriage of Henry II and Eleanor, the English king controlled more French land than the French king ► 1200s—Philip II, king of France, regained some of the French land back from the weak English king John

► 1328—the king of France died and left no heir to the throne ► Two men will lay claim to the throne  1.) King Edward III of England ► Edward was the dead king’s grandson  2.) Philip of Valois ► Philip was the dead king’s nephew

► Hundred Years’ War ► There were 2 major battles of the Hundred Years’ War ► 1.) The Battle of Crecy ► 2.) The Battle of Agincourt

► 1.) The Battle of Crecy ► Occurred in 1346 ► The French outnumbered the English 2 to 1 ► The English overcame their numerical disadvantage by using the Welsh Longbow  Bow as tall as a man, shot steel tipped arrows that could penetrate armor at 300 yards ► The French had no Longbow ► the English win the battle

► 2.) Battle of Agincourt ► Occurred in 1415 ► English were outnumbered 3 to 1 ► The English overcome the odds and defeat France again

► The French will receive a “savior” that will help them eventually defeat the English and reclaim France—Joan of Arc ► Joan grew up in Domremy—a small French village ► She was illiterate ► At age 17 she left home because God told her to drive the English out of France

► 1429—Joan visited Charles—heir to the French throne—and asked to lead French troops against the English ► Charles agreed and sent Joan to Orleans—a French city held by the English ► Joan and her troops were successful in driving the English out of the city

► Joan then led her troops to Reims where Charles was crowned King of France— Charles VII

► 1430—Joan was captured by her own troops and sold to the English ► The English put her on trial and sentenced her as a witch ► Joan was burned at the stake

► Effects of the Hundred Years’ War ► France suffered greatly because all of the fighting occurred on French land ► France did regain nearly all of its land back from the English ► The loss of French land caused the English to develop a national unity and focus on their problems at home

► The war helped quicken the end of feudalism  The use of the longbow and early firearms made feudal ways of fighting ineffective ► Threats to the monarchy in both France and England were reduced because so many nobles were killed in the war

Developing Nations FranceEnglandSpain Holy Roman Empire

France ► By the end of the Hundred Year’s war, France had gained a lot of power ► Louis XI wanted to unite France by taking over the French nobles’ land ► Louis XI wanted the lands of Burgandy

England ► After the Hundred Years’ War, England fell into a state of civil war  this was called the War of the Roses  the War of the Roses lasted for 30 years  the war began in 1455

► Two families were fighting over the English throne  House of Lancaster--Red Rose  House of York--White Rose

War of the Roses ► Edward (Duke of York) overthrew the Lancaster’s and made himself king  he became Edward IV  1483 Edward dies leaving his 12 year old son as king of England ► Edward’s uncle, Richard, took over as the young king’s guardian  Richard claimed the throne for himself--he became Richard III  Richard placed Edward’s sons in the Tower of London

Richard III

► The two boys were found dead not long after they had been imprisoned ► 1485, Richard was killed by Henry Tudor-- he was part of the Lancaster family ► Henry Tudor became King Henry VII  he became the first Tudor King  the Tudor dynasty ruled over England until 1603

Henry VII

Spain ► Late 1400’s, Spain was becoming an important power in Europe ► in the 1250’s, Spain was divided into 3 parts  1.) Portugal -- West  2.) Castile -- Center  3.) Aragon -- Mediterranean Coast

► 1469, Ferdinand of Aragon married Isabella of Castile ► the Inquisition-- persecution of non- Catholics--was set up by Ferdinand and Isabella ► the Inquisition gave the Spanish monarchy more power

Ferdinand and Isabella

Holy Roman Empire ► In the 900’s and 1000’s, the Holy Roman Empire was the most powerful state in Europe ► by 1300, the HRE was the largest political unit  HRE includes Germany and the slavic territories

► Although large, the HRE was not unified ► the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by a collection of German Princes  these princes governed their own lands with their own rules  these princes wanted to keep the HRE weak so they could do as they pleased  the HRE also constantly struggled with the papacy until the 1500’s

Troubled Church ► During the late Middle Ages, the Catholic Church was a place people could turn to  the Church increased its religious ceremonies  thousands of people went on pilgrimages

Troubled Church ► With all of the “good” going on, the Church was actually becoming weak ► the Church was losing power to monarchs and national governments ► also, people began to question the Church’s teachings (education affecting religion)

The Weakening Church ► Four events contributed to the weakening of the Catholic Church:  1.) Babylonian Captivity  2.) Great Schism  3.) Charging of fees for Church services (indulgences)  4.) Princely lifestyles of the Clergy

1.) Babylonian Captivity ► In the early 14th century (1300’s) the papacy (Pope) became heavily influenced by the French monarchy ► in 1305, a French archbishop was elected pope-- Clement V ► Clement V decided to move the papal court from Rome to Avignon in southern France ► Clement V only appointed French people to serve as his cardinals

► The papacy remained at Avignon until 1377 ► this period of the pope being out of Rome and in France is called the Babylonian Captivity ► Rome had been the home of the papacy for centuries ► people began to fear that the French would have too much control over the pope and Church  the French popes raised taxes, making people think the popes were corrupt

2.) Great Schism ► 1377, the new pope--Gregory XI--returned the papacy to Rome ► after Gregory’s death, mobs of Roman people tried to force the College of Cardinals to elect an Italian to be Pope ► the Cardinals did elect an Italian  however, they found this election to be invalid and reselected another pope

► This second pope decided to move the papal court back to Avignon ► the first pope chosen--the Italian-- did not step down  he still considered himself the rightful pope of the Catholic Church ► At this point, Europe now has 2 popes--1 in Italy and 1 in France ► soon, another pope was elected--now Europe has 3 popes ► This period became known as the Great Schism

► The Great Schism caused lots of problems for the Church ► the Schism lasted from 1378 until 1417 ► lay people began to question and lose respect for the Church ► 1414, the Church forced 2 popes to resign and elected Martin V as pope--ending the Great Schism

3.) Charging of Fees for Church Services ► At this time, the Church was abusing many of its rights ► as a way of raising $, the clergy would charge for their services--not liked by the people ► also, the sale of indulgences--paying for forgiveness--angered many people ► simony--the Church selling off Church positions-- was not liked

4.) Princely Lifestyles of the Clergy ► Many in the clergy were living it up--lavish clothing, lots of jewelry, and lots of spending ► people did not like the clergy’s lavish lifestyle  the clergy were supposed to be poor and pious, not rich and flamboyant

Two Reformers ► Two very important men became voices of reform ► These two men did not want to get rid of the Catholic Church, but make it better and less corrupt  1.) John Wycliffe  2.) Jan Hus

John Wycliffe ► An English Scholar at Oxford University ► he criticized the Church for its wealth, corruption, and power of the pope ► he believed lay rulers (kings) should be able to get rid of corrupt Church officials ► he believed the Bible to be the only religious truth ► He translated the Bible from Latin into English-- allowing lay people to read the Bible ► this idea of non-clergy reading the Bible went against the Church’s teachings  only the Clergy were supposed to read and interpret the word of God

John Wycliffe

Jan Hus ► Late 14th century, the people of Bohemia--the Czechs--had developed a national unity ► these Czechs did not want the Germans to control their country ► these Czech people began to translate the Bible into the Czech language ► The leader of the Bohemian religious movement was Jan Hus ► he was a preacher & professor at the University of Prague ► 1415, the Church demanded that Hus attend the Council of Constance ► the Church wanted Hus to defend his radical views at the Council

► When Hus arrived at the Council of Constance, he was captured ► the Church tried him and burned him at the stake ► his followers, however, kept spreading his ideas all over Europe

Jan Hus