Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Module 1Today’s Middle and Secondary Schools: Purpose, Organization, Structure, and Reform Key Concepts/Terms/Players

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Middle and Secondary Schools Middle and Secondary Schools Middle school – any school that includes students in some combination of grades 5-8 Middle school – any school that includes students in some combination of grades 5-8 Secondary school – any school that houses students in some combination of grades 7-12 Secondary school – any school that houses students in some combination of grades 7-12

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Colonial Education: The First Schools Colonial Education: The First Schools Religion played a key role Religion played a key role Education started in the home Education started in the home Dame schools – women taught reading, writing, and basic math skills in their homes Dame schools – women taught reading, writing, and basic math skills in their homes Apprenticeships – after 1-3 years of study, boys completed an apprenticeship to master a trade Apprenticeships – after 1-3 years of study, boys completed an apprenticeship to master a trade Teachers were hired once a town reached 50 households Teachers were hired once a town reached 50 households

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Advent of Secondary Education: The Forerunners of Today’s High Schools The Advent of Secondary Education: The Forerunners of Today’s High Schools Latin Grammar Schools – Boston Latin Grammar School founded in 1635 Latin Grammar Schools – Boston Latin Grammar School founded in 1635 Academies – Franklin Academy established in Philadelphia in 1751 Academies – Franklin Academy established in Philadelphia in 1751 English Classical Schools – The first American public high school started in Boston in 1821 when the English Classical School (later renamed the English High School) opened English Classical Schools – The first American public high school started in Boston in 1821 when the English Classical School (later renamed the English High School) opened

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Funding for Public Secondary Education Funding for Public Secondary Education Most schools that were established in the early 1800s charged tuition and fees Most schools that were established in the early 1800s charged tuition and fees Deluder Satan Act required residents of Massachusetts to support elementary education as early as 1647 Deluder Satan Act required residents of Massachusetts to support elementary education as early as 1647 Communities with 500+ families were required to establish publicly funded high schools in 1827 Communities with 500+ families were required to establish publicly funded high schools in 1827 In 1874, the Kalamazoo Michigan Case provided state governments with the ability to levy taxes to support high schools In 1874, the Kalamazoo Michigan Case provided state governments with the ability to levy taxes to support high schools

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Creation of Junior High Schools The Creation of Junior High Schools Intermediate schools were established on the east coast at the beginning of the 20 th century Intermediate schools were established on the east coast at the beginning of the 20 th century First junior high school founded in Berkeley, CA in 1909 First junior high school founded in Berkeley, CA in 1909 By 1930, there were over 2,000 junior high schools By 1930, there were over 2,000 junior high schools By the 1970s there were over 8,000 junior high schools By the 1970s there were over 8,000 junior high schools

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Creation of Middle Schools The Creation of Middle Schools Middle schools were started in the mid 1900s Middle schools were started in the mid 1900s Common features of middle schools include: interdisciplinary teaching teams, integrated curriculum, age-appropriate student-centered instructional strategies, block scheduling, and teacher advising programs Common features of middle schools include: interdisciplinary teaching teams, integrated curriculum, age-appropriate student-centered instructional strategies, block scheduling, and teacher advising programs

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Changing Purpose of Education The Changing Purpose of Education Schooling in the Colonial Era – focused on moral development, adherence to religious doctrine, while securing social stability Schooling in the Colonial Era – focused on moral development, adherence to religious doctrine, while securing social stability In the 1800s, school focused on preparing students for the changing economy In the 1800s, school focused on preparing students for the changing economy Current purpose of schooling is debated; some think it is to prepare students for work, others believe it should prepare students for post-secondary education Current purpose of schooling is debated; some think it is to prepare students for work, others believe it should prepare students for post-secondary education

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Reform Initiatives Reform Initiatives Early Reform Efforts Early Reform Efforts Goals 2000 and No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Goals 2000 and No Child Left Behind (NCLB)

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Middle School Concept and Philosophy The Middle School Concept and Philosophy Middle Schools and junior high schools Middle Schools and junior high schools Most common grade span Most common grade span Scheduling Scheduling Subject organization Subject organization Guidance/counseling Guidance/counseling Exploratory curriculum Exploratory curriculum Teachers Teachers Instruction Instruction Athletics Athletics

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Organizing Education to Meet Students’ Needs Organizing Education to Meet Students’ Needs Different types of schools: Different types of schools: (a) Magnet school (b) Fundamental school (c) Charter school (d) For-profit school (e) Partnership school (f) Tech prep high school (g) International Baccalaureate School (h) Others

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Organizational Provisions for Student Differences Organizational Provisions for Student Differences Curriculum tracks Curriculum tracks Homogenous grouping Homogenous grouping

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. Learning Communities Teaching Teams Teaching Teams The School-Within-a-School (SWAS) Concept The School-Within-a-School (SWAS) Concept Teacher’s Daily Schedules Teacher’s Daily Schedules Common Planning Time for Interdisciplinary Teams Common Planning Time for Interdisciplinary Teams Nontraditional Scheduling: Block Scheduling Nontraditional Scheduling: Block Scheduling

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. More terms to consider (pages 19-27) More terms to consider (pages 19-27) At-Risk Students At-Risk Students The Fundamental Characteristic of Exemplary Education The Fundamental Characteristic of Exemplary Education Reflective Decision Making and the Locus of Control Reflective Decision Making and the Locus of Control Accessing Community Resources to Meet Students’ Needs Accessing Community Resources to Meet Students’ Needs

Kellough & Carjuzaa Teaching in the Middle and Secondary Schools, 9e Copyright ©2009 by Pearson Education, Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey All rights reserved. The Emergent Overall Picture Key Trends and Practices Today Key Trends and Practices Today Problems and Issues That Plague the Nation’s Schools Problems and Issues That Plague the Nation’s Schools