Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe Lecture 4 Russian History II Week 5

Outline 1.Expansion and Repression 2. Between Reform and Reaction 3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present 4. Conclusion

Alexander I Partitions of Poland Acquisition of eastern Georgia 1806 Conquest of Daghestan and Baku 1809Annexation of Finland Napoleon's invasion of Russia Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance

Holy Alliance Inspired by Alexander I 1815 Russia, Prussia, Austria Christianity in European political life Bastion against revolution The legitimacy of established governments and territorial integrity of existing countries

1801 Acquisition of eastern Georgia 1806 Conquest of Daghestan and Baku 1809 Annexation of Finland 1812 June Napoleon's invasion of Russia Congress of Vienna and Holy Alliance Kingdom of Poland (Congress Poland) in personal union with Russia 1830/31 Polish rebellion (November uprising) 1848 Intervention in Hungary Crimean War Foreign and Imperial Policy

Autocratic rule, but Tsar and nobility were mutually dependent on each other.

1801 Sale of serfs without land prohibited Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces 1819 University of St. Petersburg founded 1825 Decembrist uprising Domestic Policy

Nicholas I

Decembrist movement, 1825

1801 Sale of serfs without land prohibited Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces 1819 University of St. Petersburg founded 1825 Decembrist uprising 1832 Uvarov's three principles enunciated: pravoslavie, samoderzhavie, narodnost´- orthodoxy, autocracy, nationality 1820 ffBirth of Russian intelligentsia Domestic Policy

Autocracy, Orthodoxy, and Nationality/National Character (narodnost’) Count Sergey S. Uvarov, Minister for Education 1832 “narodnost’” underlines the originality and uniqueness of the Russian people, the fundamental values of Russian culture and society, as opposed to Westernization. "To turn Russians back to Russian ways", ("возвраща́ть ру́сских к ру́сскому"). Uvarov

Ilya Repin, Religious procession in the Kursk Province,

Feodor Vasilyev, Village (1869)

Outline 1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“ 2. Between Reform and Reaction 3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present 4. Conclusion

1801 Sale of serfs without land prohibited Abolition of serfdom in Baltic provinces 1819 University of St. Petersburg founded 1825 Decembrist uprising 1832 Uvarov's three principles enunciated: autocracy, orthodoxy, nationality 1833 Code of Laws 1834 Kiev University founded Domestic Policy

Alexander II

Imperial and Foreign Policy Acquisition from China of Amur and Maritime provinces 1859 Surrender of Shamil; conquest of Caucasus completed 1863/64 Polish rebellion (January uprising) Conquest of central Asia 1867 Alaska sold to the United States of America Russo-Turkish War

Alexander II

Domestic Policy First railway boom 1861 Feb 19 Emancipation of the serfs Law (courts) and education reform, Zemstvo instituted Populist movement To the People (V narod) Universal Military Training Act, military reforms 1879 People's Will Party – terrorism 1881 March 1 Assassination of Alexander II

Outline 1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“ 2. Between Reform and Reaction 3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present 4. Conclusion

Nikolai Karamzin, History of the Russian State, 10 volumes, Petr Chaadaev Ivan Kireevsky ( )

Discussions on Russia’s Past, Present and Future Slavophiles Unique Russian civilization Based on orthodox church, village community (mir), ancient popular assembly Superior to Western culture Support autocracy Pro emancipation of the serfs Freedom of speech and press Reforms of Peter I alienation from true Russian national character Ivan Kireyevsky, Aleksey Khomiakov, Ivan Aksakov Many slavophiles later supported Panslavic Movement Russian Nationalism Westernizers Oriented towards Western culture Adoption of Western culture and technology necessary for future of Russia Inferior to Western culture Mostly pro-constitutional, liberal, rationalistic Pro emancipation of the serfs Freedom of speech and press Reforms of Peter I basis for modernization P. Chaadayev, Aleksandr Herzen, Vissarion Belinsky Many westernizers stayed liberals, others later became socialists or political radicals

Mir, Obshchina – Peasant community 16 th c. – 1929 form of organisation in villages Corporate body with an assembly, obligations and rights Responsible for allocating the arable land to its members and for reallocating such lands periodically (size dependent on number of hands in peasant household) After abolition of serfdom – land owned jointly by the mir, not by the individual peasant Slavophiles saw it as specifically Russian form of organisation Some socialists interpreted mir as Russian version of socialism (industrialisation for Russia no precondition for socialism) Marxist socialists, liberals, modernists-nationalists saw mir as backward form of organisation – preventing innovation and amelioration in countryside Reforms of Stolypin: Creating an estate of individual, wealthy peasants

Sergei Solovyov History of Russia from the Earliest Times, 1851 – volumes Vasily Klyuchevsky Course in Russian History, 5 volumes

Major Ethnic Groups in the Russian Empire 1897 (125,640,000) Russians44.31% Ukrainians17.81% Belorussians 4.68% Poles 6.31% Jews 4.03% Other ethnic groups in the West 4.47% Ethnic groups in the North 0.42% Ethnic groups Wolga/Ural 5.85% Ethnic groups in Siberia 0.99% Ethnic groups in the Steppe 1.99% Ethnic groups in the Transcaucasus 3.53% Ethnic groups in the Caucasus 1.05% Ethnic groups in Central Asia 5.69% Diaspora groups (1.43% Germans) 1.91%

Outline 1.Russia in the 19th Century: the „Gendarme of Europe“ 2. Between Reform and Reaction 3. Views of Russia‘s Past and Present 4. Conclusion

Problems of nation building Serfdom until 1861 Liberation without land (peasants have to pay for it) Non-Russian peasants in periphery of Empire have often more rights than Russian peasants Gulf between nobility/elite and peasants Weakness of Russian Orthodox Church – since 17 th c. tool of autocracy Late introduction of self-administration (zemstva) Gulf between autocracy and educated elite Empire vs. Russian nation (enormous role of non-Russians in imperial bureaucracy) Great Russians are not absolute majority of population National movements in periphery Challenge by socialism The Russian Empire is overstretched Dilemma: to compete with the other Great Powers modernisation needed, effective modernisation co-operation of elites, education of population… But… end of autocratic rule, sharing of power, education also vehicle for ‘wrong’ – revolutionary or reformist ideas – scared of peasant uprising

The Russian narrative Moscow Tsardom and the Russian Empire are the legitimate successors to the Kievian Rus (principality of Kiev) The population of the territory of the principality came under foreign rule (Lithuanian, Polish), Belarussians and Ukrainians were alienated from the Great Russians Ukrainians and Belarussians are not separate nations, they belong to the Russian Nation The Russian Empire collected the land of the Kievian Rus and liberated Belarussians and Ukrainians from foreign oppression The integration of this territory in the Russian Empire is historically necessary, legitimate and unites Ukrainians and Belarussians after several hundred years of enforced separation with their Russian brothers and sisters.