Clawson

A resource is a concept –it reflects modification to reflect the needs and wants of society –we fit the eventual resource to our needs and wants (social image) –The resource may not change necessarily but the vision surrounding it could (image of cemeteries over time)

Natural Base Resources –Left, as much as possible, as is –Changes for observation and/or preservation –not market oriented in sense of location unless mobile - (dinosaur remnants) Human-Base Resources –Cultural significance, possible enhanced by the natural environment –Could be mobile - possibility of market orientation

Synthetic Resources –No ‘distinctive’ properties –Major factors are market considerations All this possible linked to our park system –National parks oriented to resources –Parks oriented to historical/cultural developments –Urban parks that are synthetic (Eglinton and Duplex)

Clawson Park Classification 1Resource-Based Parks –Emphasis is normally on the natural qualities of the environment than on activities (Gunn) –Location (to an extent) is not a consideration

–These parks tend to be fairly large (protection aspect) –Normally associated with the National System –Have (because of past history) unique, natural characteristics (Yellowstone, Banff) –Vacation (tourist) oriented

2Intermediate Parks –A combination of resource base and market considerations –normally a maximum of 2 hrs. drive from the major market (150 K)

–Parks still fairly large and the emphasis is still on the natural qualities of the site –But - greater degree of facility development (because of the market) –General link to the Provincial Park system –Stress on general outdoor activity - therefore high modification

–Water-based activities are the most popular in the province so as would be expected - developed beach sites and swimming and boating facilities Link to Human and Synthetic Base - (‘nature trails can be cut through old farmers fields)

User-oriented Parks –Typified by local municipal or conservation parks –Emphasis on user and access (one-half hour travel) –Variance ins size (parkettes at the lower end) and the landscape is less important

–Find exceptions and combinations - High Park is a good example Local users and travellers Environment important but high facility development Ice rinks for example –Concentration on human-created facilities and supervised activities –Intensive usage, level, sculpted, well- drained land and synthetic development

Gunn - consideration of environmental content but concerns for human and synthetic resources Clawson - factor or location though exceptions abound (Stanley Park in Vancouver) Link to –Purposes of a park system –Satisfaction of varying demands (seminar)

Why Parks? 1Population Change and Demand Early in our history - no demand for wilderness. It was next door –highly rural population, smaller urban areas Problem is the growth of cities (in- migration and natural increase) –Proof in the records (1840’s, 50’s) where open space (cemeteries) are utilized for outings

Emphasis on urban parks –commons, parks, plazas Need for larger ‘green’ areas - regional parks –picnic sites then the protection (display) of species Concept of Reserves –Yosemite is the 1st in California (1862) - purpose of protection (giant sequoias) –Emphasis on vista (image) - non-urban

El Capitan Forests of Yosemite

2Economic Values Railways as they pushed west ran lines through areas with very low population –one way traffic (provision of goods) –The attraction of mountains, rivers - and hot springs Solution - Tourists

hot Springs were discovered near Banff ownership squabbles between railway workers and the Railways The Canadian Government declares Banff as a Reserve –About 26 Sq. K (now 6,641 sq. K)

Hot Springs as they are today (44 C) Need for access, hotels and ancillary services Advantage of tourism, employment (though seasonal), land taxes

Protection Aspect Again an American concept imported into Canada –Link to the concept of the Frontier Based on romantic and aesthetic grounds rather than any scientific basis or exploration of environmental systems –Base for future problems

Link to Marsh Physical Geography as Modified by Human Action –Massive changes in environments based on human action Practical aspect in that game animals were becoming scarcer –Teddy Roosevelt a hunter –Disappearance of Passenger Pigeon and Buffalo Reports of unique environments

Yellowstone –Roosevelt persuaded to visit and hunt 1872 establishment of the first national park in the world - Yellowstone –still allow for hunting and trapping –illusion of preservation of frontier Parks - –Preservation vs Economic Gains –services for an Urban Population