Embryology & Microbiology By: Shane Degnan, Nikhil Mehta, Nick Juliano and Ryan Jeffery

Embryology Embryology: The branch of biology that studies the formation and early development of living organisms. Stages Zygote Morula Blastula Gastrula Processes Fertilization Implantation Gastrulation This is a developing zygote.

Fertilization First, the egg and sperm come together to form a zygote. Next, the zygote divides to form the morula. These divisions are called cleavage. Then, a solid ball of cells is formed called a morula. After, a fluid filled ball of cells is formed called a blastula.

Implantation The blastula attaches to the uterine wall. Placenta: Transports nutrients, gas, and waste from mother to fetus. Amniotic sac: Cushions and protects the embryo and keeps it moist. Umbilical cord: Connects the placenta to the fetus. Amnion: membrane which forms the amniotic sac Chorion: Combines with the uterine lining to form the placenta

Gastrulation The process in which the cell develops 3 germ layers to form a gastrula. Endoderm Innermost layer, turns into the digestive tract Mesoderm Middle layer, turns into the internal organs Ectoderm Outermost layer, turns into the skin & nervous system

Cell Differentiation Once the 3 germ layers are formed, cell differentiation begins. Cell differentiation: The process of giving cells specific jobs. Neuralation: development of the nervous system 1 st system to develop, occurs soon after gastrulation Organogenesis: organs start to form Morphogenesis: limbs start to form

Stem Cells Stem Cells: unspecialized cells that have the potential to differentiate. Pluripotent Can become any type of cell Totipotent Form all the cell types in a body, plus the extraembryonic, or placental, cells Multipotent Differentiate into cells with specific functions Adult Stem Cell Replenish damaged tissue, found in both children & adults

The Chicken Embryo Lab In this lab, we explored the many processes and stages involved with the formation of an embryo, which included fertilization, blastulation and gastrulation. In this lab, we observed the similarities of developing embryos. In these pictures we see a chicken (left) and a turtle (right) in their developmental stages.

IVF In Vitro Fertilization: fertilization occurs in a lab and the zygote is then transported into the woman's’ body. This picture demonstrates how IVF is performed.

Media This Ted Ed video will visualize both the internal and external stages occurring from conception from the perspective of both the parent and the developing fetus. birth_visualized

Microbiology

Virus A nonliving particle that needs a host cell to survive Structure Contain DNA or RNA Surrounded by a protein coat called a CAPSID Reproduction Lytic Cycle Immediately infects and destroys the host cell Lysogenic Cycle Hides in the host cell until signaled to replicate This picture shows DNA and RNA. Viruses may contain one or the other, but never both.

Prevention Viral infections usually involve several body parts Antibiotics can NOT kill viruses Vaccines are used to prevent viruses Vaccinations: dead or weakened version of the virus that helps to increase immunity in the host Antibody: Immune system’s response to the disease Antigen: Proteins attached to an infection

Examples Bacteriophage: A virus that attacks bacteria Has a protein “tail” that is used to infect the host cell Retrovirus Uses reverse transcriptase to create opposite DNA of the host cell. This DNA joins with the original host cell’s DNA so when the cell divides, the viral DNA is spread. Retrovirus: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) Plant Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Animal Virus: Ebola

Bacteria Prokaryotes, living, unicellular, most numerous organisms on earth, first form of life, 99% are helpful Bacterial infections are normally localized to one point Helpful: food production, water purification, digestion, water purification, environment Harmful: spoil foods, cause disease

Oxygen Relationships Obligate aerobe: requires oxygen to live Obligate anaerobe: requires complete absence of oxygen to live Facultative anaerobe: can either survive with or without oxygen

Reproduction Binary Fission: identical offspring by splitting in half Most common form of reproduction Conjugation: some bacteria exchange genetic info by forming a temporary bridge Endospore: when conditions are unfavorable, the bacteria goes dormant by forming an endospore

Shapes Coccus: sphere Bacillus: rod Spirillum: spiral Diplo: pair Strepto: chain Straphylo: bunch This picture is a visual representation of these shapes.

Media smallpox-virus-simona-zompi smallpox-virus-simona-zompi This is a Ted Ed video demonstrating how vaccinations are used to prevent the spread of viruses. In this video, the Smallpox virus is further examined.

Final Review Solve!!!

Answer Key Across Embryo Zygote Placenta Lytic Cycle Fetus IVF Nervous System Down Binary Fission Antibody Morphogenesis Vaccine Antibiotic Cleavage Coccus Mesoderm Virus

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