FIRE BEHAVIOR. Surface fire: Ground: Crown: Three types of fire behavior Fuels at or near the surface Subsurface organic fuels (duff, organic soils) Tree.

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Presentation transcript:

FIRE BEHAVIOR

Surface fire: Ground: Crown: Three types of fire behavior Fuels at or near the surface Subsurface organic fuels (duff, organic soils) Tree crowns

Categories of fires according to human management action: Wildfire: Management ignited prescribed fire: Prescribed natural fire: Suppression action is taken Ignited to meet a management objective Allowed to burn under a management plan to preserve natural role of fire

Fire Behavior: The Wildland Fire Environment WeatherTopography Fuels FIRE

Weather Components of the Wildland Fire Environment TemperatureTemperature Relative HumidityRelative Humidity Atmospheric StabilityAtmospheric Stability Windspeed and DirectionWindspeed and Direction PrecipitationPrecipitation

Topography Components of the Wildland Fire Environment ElevationElevation Position on SlopePosition on Slope AspectAspect Shape of CountryShape of Country Steepness of SlopeSteepness of Slope

Fuels Components of the Wildland Fire Environment Fuel LoadingFuel Loading Size and ShapeSize and Shape CompactnessCompactness Horizontal ContinuityHorizontal Continuity Vertical ContinuityVertical Continuity Chemical ContentChemical Content

Effects of topography on fire behavior.

Fuel load Temperature Winds Moisture

Effect of Aspect on Fuel Temperature and Moisture Wind Direction Fuels Transition Earlier Heating Earlier Cooling Generally Lee Side of Mountain Lightest Fuels Lowest Fuel Moisture Highest Temperature Earlier Curing of Fuels Earlier Snow Melt Fuels Transition Later Heating Later Cooling Generally Windward Side of Mountain Heaviest snows Highest Moisture Lowest Temperature Later Curing of Fuels Late Snow Melt

Slope Affects Fire Behavior Preheating Draft Faster Ignition and Spread Burning Material Rolling Downslope

Characteristics of Fire Behavior FIRE INTENSITY – Heat release per unit time (BTUs or KJ) Fire Intensity Affected by Fuel loading Fuel moisture content Compactness or arrangement of fuels

Flaming Zone Flame Length Flame Height Spread Direction

Rate of spread = distance/time Rate of Spread (ROS) The distance a fire travels during a given period of time. Burned Area Increased fire intensity Windspeed Steepness of slope Primary factors affecting rate of spread?

4 acres 16 acres 36 acres (front)

Team Work Construct a sentence using your term(s) that explains the behavior of a particular fire situation but WITHOUT USING THE TERM IN THE IN THE EXPLANATION– the rest of the class should be able to determine what the term is based on your explanation.

Running Creeping Smoldering Spotting Spot fires Fire brand Torching Crowning Flareup Blowup Fire Whirls Wildfire Management ignited prescribed fire Prescribed natural fire Ground fire Surface fire Crown fire Chimney effect Slope reversal Chimney Effect Slope Reversal

Bottom of a Narrow Canyon Bottom of a Narrow Canyon

Slope Reversal Slope Reversal

Ground fire: Surface: Crown: Three types of fire behavior Subsurface organic fuels (duff, organic soils) Fuels at or near the surface Tree crowns

Categories of fires according to human management action: Wildfire: Management ignited prescribed fire: Prescribed natural fire: Suppression action is taken Ignited to meet a management objective Allowed to burn under a management plan to preserve natural role of fire

Running Types of fire behavior – spreading quickly Creeping – spreading slowly with low flames Smoldering– burns without flames; barely spreading Spotting– sparks/embers carried by wind or combustion column or moved by gravity Spot fires– new ignition points Fire brand– a piece of burning material

Torching Types of extreme fire behavior – surface fire moves into crowns of individual trees Crowning – spreads from tree crown to tree crown (dependent, active, or independent) Flareup – sudden acceleration of fire spread or intensity (short duration, for portion of fire) Blowup– dramatic change in the behavior of the whole fire (rapid transition to a severe fire) Fire Whirls– vortex (gas mass with rotational motion)

Fire Affects Its Own Environment Local Winds Atmospheric Stability Clouds/Precipitation Fuel Temperature Fuel Moisture

Wind-driven fire behavior Plume-dominated fire behavior (with downbursts)