The Rise of Rome

The City of Rome Built on 7 hills with the Tiber River running near The city was easily defendable, but also easily accessible for trade

How did the geography of Italy differ from that of Greece? The mountains of Italy were not as rugged as those in Greece. This allowed for less isolation than in Greece. Italy also had better farmland than Greece.

Historians estimate that the community of people who would build Rome banded together sometime between 800 and 700 B.C.

The Etruscans The Etruscans came from Etruria, an area north of Rome They moved south in 650 B.C. and took control of Rome and most of Latium

What influences did the Etruscans have on Rome? Changed Rome from a village of straw-roofed huts to a city of brick and wood buildings They laid out streets, temples , and public buildings around a central square Taught new styles of dress (togas) Influenced Roman military

The Legends and Myths of the Start of Rome Romulus and Remus 753 B.C. The Aeneid by Virgil 1000 B.C.

What is a republic? A form of government in which the leader is not a king or queen, but someone put in office by citizens with the right to vote.

Two Main Classes of Rome Patricians Nobles or wealthy landowners Rome’s ruling class Plebeians Artisans, shopkeepers, and small farm owners The majority of Rome’s population were comprised of people from this class

How was Roman government divided? Rome had a tripartite, or three part government One part ran the government, one made laws, and a third acted as judges What action did the Plebeians take against the Patricians in 494 B.C.? The Plebeians went on strike by refusing to serve in the military and many left the city to begin a republic of their own.

What was the role of a Roman dictator? Had complete control of the state, but ruled on a temporary basis during emergencies What became the basis for all future Roman laws? The Twelve Tables

Who founded the state of Carthage and why was it so important? The Phoenicians Largest and richest trading city in the western Mediterranean In what years were the Punic Wars fought? 264 B.C. to 146 B.C.

Hannibal and the Punic Wars The Punic Wars were fought between Rome and Carthage During the second Punic War, Carthage sent one of their greatest generals to attack Rome in 218 B.C. Hannibal’s troop landed in southern Spain and attacked Rome from the north

Hannibal’s Elephants

How did the army change after 107 B.C.? It changed from citizen volunteers to paid professional soldiers.

Roman farmers were becoming poor in the 100s B.C. Small farms were damaged during Punic Wars Small farmers could not compete with large farming estates (latifundia), and the slave labor High debt Reforms were proposed to counteract the problem of poverty in Rome They proposed that the Senate take public land from the rich and divide it among landless Romans

Discuss in your table groups How do you feel about the idea of the government taking things that you have, and giving them to other people that don’t? Would this ever be a good system to have? What are the pros and cons?

Gaius Marius Roman military general Elected as a consul 7 times beginning in 107 B.C. His military success and legacy had a profound impact on the life of his nephew…………… Julius Caesar

Gaius Marius was continuously challenged by another Roman General, Sulla. This weakened the Council of Plebs and strengthened the Senate. Sulla’s use of military strength to seize governmental power inspired others to do the same, which led to years of civil wars in Rome.

Julius Caesar During the Marius/Sulla struggle, Julius Caesar was proscribed by Sulla (put on a list to be executed) but he and his family were able to bribe them into a pardon. Around 81 B.C. (Age 19) Remember, he is Marius’ nephew…

More Danger!!! Julius Caesar was kidnapped by Sicilian pirates for ransom in 75 B.C (Age 25) He maintained a friendly relationship, playing games and joking, but all the while telling them he intended to track them down and kill them once he was released…

Julius Caesar played the game of Roman Politics for years He charmed the crowds in the Forum with speeches. Threw lavish parties for influential politicians Borrowed money from “Crassus the Rich”

Some of his achievements Obtained a seat in the Senate around 68 B.C. (Age 32) Elected Pontifex Maximus (Chief Priest) in 63 B.C. (Age 37) Soon became appointed governor of a province in Spain in 61 B.C. (Age 39) This could make him rich!!!

What is a triumvirate? A political alliance of three people

The First Triumvirate In 60 B.C. Julius Caesar joined with two other powerful men – Crassus (a rich man) and Pompey (military hero) and ruled Rome for 10 years. (Age 40-50) They dominated politics and often bullied or bribed the Senate to attain their goals.

After declaring himself dictator for life, what sort of reforms did Julius Caesar make? He granted citizenship to those living in Roman territories outside the Italian peninsula Started colonies to provide land to the landless Ordered people using slave labor to hire more free workers Created the Julian calendar

Caesar Becomes Very Popular With his soldiers… because he endured the same hardships as his men and won many battles in Gaul

With the poor citizens…. because he was trying to make changes and he was a war hero – he would write back to Rome about all his successes

With the Senators?....... No Way!!! The Senators were watching him and concerned about his growing power…was he trying to be a KING

The Death of Caesar Killed by Senators, chiefly Brutus, who was his friend, and Cassius They were trying to “save the Republic” (it was already nearly dead) March 15, 44 B.C. Age 56

The Republic Falls

What happens next….? The Second Triumvirate formed to avenge Caesar’s death in 43 B.C. The following ruled for 10 years Octavian – grand nephew of Caesar Marc Antony –a general of the Roman military Lepidus – a powerful politician Later they also disband and become rivals creating the third Civil War.

Octavian Augustus: Rome’s First Emperor

What was the Pax Romana? The Roman Peace Period - 200 years of peace and prosperity in Rome beginning with Augustus

Created Praetorian Guard Changes Under Augustus Built permanent professional army of about 150,000 Rebuilt Rome with palaces, fountains, and public buildings Imported grain from Africa to feed the poor Reformed the Roman tax system Created Praetorian Guard Improved government by appointing proconsuls to each territory Reformed the legal system

The Good Emperors Nerva A.D. 96-98 Reformed land in favor of the poor Revised Taxes Trajan A.D. 98- 117 Expanded the empire to its largest size Built many new public works Hadrian A.D. 117- 138 Built Hadrian’s Wall in Britain Made Roman laws easier to understand Antoninus Pius A.D. 138- 161 Promoted art and science Built new public works Passed laws to aid orphans Marcus Aurelius A.D. 161- 180 Helped unite the empire economically Reformed Roman law What are some things these rulers have in common? Why are they considered “good”?

What is an aqueduct? A human made channel for carrying water long distances

How long was Rome’s road system during the Pax Romana? 50,000 miles Currency A system of money All Roads Lead to Rome

Daily Life in Roman Empire Ancient Roman Empire *Write only what is in Red*

What was daily life like in Ancient Rome? Law and Order Religion Family Life Food and Drink Housing Education Recreation Country Life

Daily Life in Ancient Rome A city of contrasts Palaces and crammed apartments. City Markets where men and women shopped.

Daily Life in Ancient Rome Rich only a small part of Rome’s population. Poor lived in filthy neighborhoods. Children of the poor were lucky to live past 10.

Law and Order Romans believed in the rule of law. Roman law was strict, but crime was common. Rich men tried to hide their wealth. Not all law was applied equally.

Religion Religion was important to Romans. Romans wanted to please their gods. Believed gods controlled their daily life. If someone was sick, Romans would leave an offering. Festivals and holidays held throughout the year.

Family Life The family was ruled by the father. Roman men provided for the family. In rich families men worked. In poor families both men and women worked.

Family Life Babies were born at home. They were named in a ceremony after 9 days. Roman boys had a ceremony between ages 14-18. Roman girls had no ceremony and were married between 12-18.

Food and Drink What Romans ate depended on whether they were rich or poor. Main foods were bread, beans, spices, vegetables, cheese and meats.

Housing Wealthy Romans lived in grand houses. Mosaics and statues adorned the inside furnishings.

Rome Housing Many poor lived in small crowded tall apartments. Poor cooked meals on portable grills which filled the room with smoke. The apartments were cramped, noisy, and dirty.

Education Poor children were sent to work instead of school. Wealthy children were tutored until seven and then went to school.

Recreation Wealthy Romans had lots of leisure time. Both rich and poor males enjoyed the public baths.

Recreation Roman emperors gave the poor bread and circuses. This included gladiator games and chariot races.

The Circus Maximus A racetrack for 200,000 spectators to watch the chariot races.

Country LIfe 90% of the people lived in the country. Wealthy Romans owned Villas. Many country folks were not slaves but their lives were hard. They lived in huts and worked trying to earn enough to survive.

Daily Life of a Roman Teen Directions- You need a piece of paper Step 1: Create a Venn Diagram to compare/contrast the lives of Rich vs. Poor Roman citizens. 4 similarities and 4 differences Step 2: Using this information, create a diary entry of what your life is like as either a wealthy Roman or a poor Roman. Must be at least 5 sentences.